The theme of cognitive process and its relation to the kinds of behavior which are described ethnographically runs through each and every one of the papers in this monograph. Subsidiary to this, but nevertheless recurrent, are the traditional subjects of child development and culture change, herein approached via the study of cognitive rather than affective aspects of motivation. Two of the tendencies characteristic of what I have called the new culture-and-personality seem to be under-represented in the series: the renewed interest in human nature; and the consideration of biological determinants of behavior. The trends which we have been discussing seem to me to augur the emergence of a culture-and-personality--or perhaps psychological anthropology would be a better phrase--which will produce anthropological theory of wide and general import for the field. Caudill's paper on" Anthropology and Psychoanalysis: Some Theoretical Issues," is directed toward the re-evaluation of the uses of psychoanalysis in anthropological studies. Hymes' discussion of" The Ethnography of Speaking" touches at several points on the process of change in emphasis from psychodynamic to cognitive frames of reference. Frake, in his paper on" The Ethnographic Study of Cognitive Systems," somewhat more directly approaches the semantic problem. Neisser's treatment of" Cultural and Cognitive Discontinuity" re-examines cognitive development in childhood. Berlyne, in his study of" New Directions in Motivation Theory," again stresses the importance of cognitive process. Jessor's presentation of" A Social Learning Approach to Culture and Behavior" deals extensively with the learned psychological attributes of groups. Finally, Margaret Mead's" Retrospects and Prospects" presents an intellectual autobiography. It has a particular significance in the context of this symposium because it reveals the renewal of interest in problems of relating the human physical constitution to behavior, in studies of human nature (as opposed to culturally differentiated natures), and in processes of quick and massive cultural change.(PsycEXTRA Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)