Our intention in this essay is to bring to light the variety in the ways masculine bias can express itself in the content and processes of scientific research. The discussion focuses on the two areas of evolutionary studies and endocrinological research into behavioral sex differences. Although both have attempted to construe the relation between sex and gender, the forms of these disciplines differ from one another in significant respects. Examining them together should lead to a broader, more subtle understanding of how allegedly extrascientific considerations shape scientific inquiry.

While feminists have succeeded in alerting us to the existence of sexually prejudicial aspects of contemporary research that have implications for our understanding of sex differences, their critiques are dulled by a lack of adequate methodological analysis.'In her review of several collections of essays on sociobiology and hereditarianism, Donna Haraway remarks on the inconsistency of adopting a Kuhnian analysis of observation as theory-or paradigm-determined on the one hand, and