Commuting Cost Visibility: A Contemporary Case Study
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Dr. Mitchelson is Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Georgia in Athens, GA 30602.
Dr. Fisher is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Georgia in Athens, GA 30602.
Footnotes
(1) James S. Fisher and Ronald L. Mitchelson, "Forces of Change in the American Settlement Pattern," Geographical Review, Vol. 71 (1981), pp. 298-310.
(2) John Van Til, "Spatial Form and Structure in a Possible Future: Some Implications of Energy Shortfall for Urban Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 45 (1979), pp. 318-329; M. C. Romanos, "Energy-Price Effects on Metropolitan Spatial Structure and Form," Environment and Planning A, Vol. 10 (1978), pp. 93-104.
(3) Harry K. Schwarzweller, "Migration and the Changing Rural Scene," Rural Sociology, Vol. 44 (1979), pp. 7-23.
(4) Calvin L. Beale, "A Further Look at Nonmetropolitan Population Growth Since 1970," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 58 (1976), pp. 953-958; William Alonso, "The Current Halt in the Metropolitan Phenomenon," in C. L. Leven (ed.), The Mature Metropolis (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1978), pp. 23-41; Glenn V. Fuguitt, Paul R. Voss, and J. C. Doherty, Growth and Change in Rural America (Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 1979).
(5) Larry S. Bourne, "Alternative Perspectives on Urban Decline and Population Deconcentration," Urban Geography, Vol. 1 (1980), pp. 39-52.
(6) Van Til, footnote 2.
(7) Romanos, footnote 2, quotation on p. 102.
(8) M. DeLangen and A. P. Verster, "View on Location Behavior, Moving Behavior and Accessibility," in G. R. M. Jansen (ed.), New Developments in Modelling Travel Demand and Urban Systems: Some Results of Recent Dutch Research (Farnborough, England: Saxon House, 1979), pp. 161-199.
(9) Lowdon Wingo, Jr., Transportation and Urban Land (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1961); William Alonso, Location and Land Use: Toward A General Theory of Land Rent (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964); E. M. Hoover, "The Evolving Form and Organization of the Metropolis," in H. S. Perloff and L. Wingo, Jr. (eds.), Issues in Urban Economics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 237-284; M. E. Beesley and M. Q. Dalvi, "Spatial Equilibrium and the Journey to Work," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 8 (1974), pp. 197-222.
(10) H. W. Richardson, Urban Economics (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971); E. G. Moore, (ed.), Models of Residential Location and Relocation in the City. Northwestern University, Studies in Geography, No. 20 (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University, Department of Geography, 1973).
(11) J. B. Lansing, Residential Location and Urban Mobility: The Second Wave of Interviews (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, 1966); A. R. Winger, "The Visibility of Commuting Costs and Residential Location," Environment and Planning, Vol. 2 (1970), pp. 80-94; P. N. O'Farrell and J. Markham, "Commuting Costs and Residential Location: A Process of Urban Sprawl," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 66 (1975), pp. 66-74.
(12) Richardson, footnote 10 and Moore, footnote 10.
(13) Winger, footnote 11.
(14) Lansing, footnote 11 and O'Farrell and Markham, footnote 11.
(15) "It Cost 39¢ a Mile to Own, Operate a Car in '79, Survey Shows," The Atlanta Journal, January 9 (1980), p. 13.
(16) United States Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Georgia, Advance Reports (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1981), p. 6.
(17) Lansing, footnote 11.
(18) The statistical test employed was a simple t-test for the difference between two sample means. With 190 degrees of freedom, the calculated t statistic of 2.47 is significant at the .05 level.
(19) O'Farrell and Markham, footnote 11.
(20) The Atlanta Journal, footnote 15.
(21) A similar argument is provided by O'Farrell and Markham, footnote 11, but they do not consider possible nonlinearities in the perceived cost of commuting as a function of distance.
(22) Kevin R. Cox and Jeffery J. McCarthy, "Neighborhood Activism in the American City: Behavioral Relationships and Evaluation," Urban Geography, Vol. 1 (1980), pp. 22-38.
(23) Arthur Getis, "Residential Location and the Journey from Work," Proceedings of the Association...
