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Book Reviews75 ers andNazis: InnerLight in OuterDarkness) allows us to assess the value ofthe Quakerapproach to peace making in militaristic societies. From Guitón, we gainknowledge ofthe Friends perspective, but notthe reaction ofeither the leaders ofthe AfricanNational Congress or the Nationalist Party. Since Guitón concluded that the Friends were unable to appreciate African spirituality , we are left to wonder how much they knew about their neighbors. In comparing the 1 7th with the 20th century peace testimonies, Guitón makes clear that whatever similarity in tactics, contemporary activists had little knowledge of or an interest in early Quakerism, and often even in traditional Christianity. Quakermembers ofpeace and social ordercommittees and AFSC professionals could profit by reading the last two/thirds of this book. I found it a pleasant surprise to find a modern peace worker well versed in Quaker history who made intelligent linkages with New Testament exegesis, early Friends writings, modern Britain, contemporarytheology , and non-violent theories. I agree with Guitón that such knowledge will enrich the theory and practice ofthe Quaker peace testimony. J. William FrostSwarthmore College Shaggy Locks & Birkenstocks: Early Explorations in American Liberal QuakerHistoryandReligious Thought.By ChuckFager.Fayetteville,N.C: Kimo Press, 2003. 123pp. Notes. Paper, $11.95. This is a curious but compelling book. Chuck Fager was part of the Friends General Conference Centennial Observances Sub-Committee to plan appropriate events attheir 2000 Gathering in Rochester, New York. He decided to read widely into the past of FGC, finding out amongst other things that the centenary had already passed in 1992 (in 1900 FGC was formally constituted but the gatherings had begun eight years earlier) and presents himself as the "leading scholar of the liberal Quaker movement embodied by FGC"(p. 3). As Fager himselfclaims, this is partly by default: so little work has been done on the twentieth-century Hicksites and their modernist inheritors. This book is a series of reprinted articles and essays which start to shape this unwritten history. Other than the "Introduction" there is no new material here. It has all appeared elsewhere. There is also no editorial connection between the pieces. The book, then, does notpresenta single overridingthesis, orpresent a linearnarrative. Rather, it focuses on key themes and episodes, sometimes repetitively (although each part of the book can be read alone), outlining where Fager's interests have taken him in recent years. Nevertheless, taken together, this collection provides much interesting data about modern liberal 76Quaker History Quakerism and sets an initial research agenda for future scholars. I suspect this is what Chuck Fager was trying to do and in this, he is very successful.. His insights into the waythe Progressives and the Hicksites interacted are fascinating and important. He shows the easy passage between the two bodies and suggests that Longwood Progressive Yearly Meeting ceased as a separate body in 1 940 because the Hicksites had losttheir Quietisi heritage and adoptedthe modernist one ofthe Progressives. He is strong onwhy FGC Yearly Meetings became congregational and his analysis ofthe fate of the FGC Uniform Discipline in the war years ofthe 1940s and the reunification years ofthe 1950s is compelling. Elsewhere, Fager's background as a journalist comes out strongly, as does his role as leading and unashamed apologist of modern Liberal Quakerism. The driving force is justice and integrity, vital motivations of good scholarship, and Fager is always keen to correct the untruth or the misrepresentation. His style is not always the most formal and his opinions not what we would expect in a purely scholarly work, but his analysis is usually worth hearing out. The book ends with a moving tribute to Bill Kreidler, a strong critique of the representativeness of Earlham School of Religion's consultation on the future ofFriends, and a fairly biting review of the disappointing Pendle Hill update of Howard Brinton's Friendsfor 300 Years. None of these pieces are about Liberal Quaker theology per se as much as they are about the seeking ofjustice for liberal Friends past and present. Chuck Fager has important things to say but this is an eclectic mix ofopinion and history. Numerous typos don't always help ease the way for the reader and one feels Chuck Fager...

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