Biology, ecology, and conservation of Navasota ladies' tresses (Spiranthes parksii Correll): An endangered terrestrial orchid of Texas

Navasota ladies' tresses (Spiranthes parksii Correll [Orchidaceae]) is a federally and state-listed endangered orchid of east-central Texas. Habitat loss and degradation related to urban and industrial development are major threats to S. parksii populations. To ensure recovery, a complete understanding of the population dynamics, ecology, and biology of an endangered species is necessary to foster effective conservation that is compatible with human population growth and continued development. Here we provide an overview of the known aspects of Spiranthes parksii ecology and biology and highlight factors with implications for species conservation. Our intention is to provide a framework for development of future S. parksii related studies and background for those interested in S. parksii conservation and management.