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book reviews443 Negroes had been fraudulently kept from the polls in the South, a circumstance which vitiated the Democratic case against him. And far from being indifferent to the Negroes' fate, he constantly sought to bring the South to a realization that the Civil War amendments must be faithfully observed. Of course he failed; by withdrawing the troops from the South he himself contributed greatly to the complete emasculation of the amendments for decades to come. His intentions, however, were good. Professor Williams has added a fifteen-page introduction, a chronology of Hayes's administration, and a convenient dramatis personae. By leaving the text much as he found it, he has made it easy to follow the President's train of thought. Interspersed with various letters and jottings for Hayes's personal use, the entries faithfully reproduce the writer's interests. And since the burdens of the Presidency were infinitely lighter in the 1870's than they are today, Hayes found time to keep his diary during some of the most agitated days of his administration. A devotion to duty as he saw it was the key to the President's attitude toward the disputed election, the patronage struggle with Roscoe Conkling, the problem of sectional readjustment, and civil service reform, and while he was unable to grasp the great issues involved in the labor upheavals of 1877 few also of his contemporaries were capable of understanding them. It is to be regretted that the editor has kept his notes to a bare minimum. Because of Hayes's frequent mention of visitors, it would have been helpful had they been fully identified, and it would have been easier to place the letters in their proper setting had their recipients been made the subject of individual footnotes. But these are minor shortcomings, and now that a beginning has been made, it is to be hoped that Professor Williams will edit the other volumes as well. Hans L. Trefousse Brooklyn College The Empty Sleeve: A Biography of Lucius Fairchild. By Sam Ross. (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the Wisconsin Civil War Centennial Commission, 1964. Pp. x, 291. $5.50. ) Lucius Fairchild, Forty-Niner, war hero (he lost an arm at Gettysburg), Wisconsin governor, diplomat, G.A.R. commander, and Republican Radical is the subject of this biography. Unfortunately, according to Professor Ross, Fairchild is too much remembered for his latter role. Fairchild was the individual who publicly invoked the wrath of God upon Grover Cleveland in 1887 when the President ordered that those Confederate battle flags in possession of the federal government be restored to the Southern states. When he is recalled at all by historians it is usually for this intemperate outburst. But Fairchild was also an honest and able, if not brilliant, public servant for most of his life after 1863. He promoted internal improvements which he believed would benefit Wisconsin. Though an all-out political partisan he protected Wisconsin's educational and welfare institutions from the in- roads of pressure groups which desired patronage plums. He promoted childwelfare programs, expansion of state educational facilities, higher teacher salaries, agricultural improvements, and programs to attract immigrants to Wisconsin. He served effectively as American consul at Liverpool in the 1870's. And at the international conference on Morocco in 1880 he secured agreement among the powers to safeguard the rights of Moorish subjects, a triumph which brought him commendation from his superiors. The author in general writes lucidly and dispassionately about his subject . He makes no attempt to portray Fairchild as a heroic figure possessed of broad vision and statesmanlike qualities. To do so would have required that he lose his sense of historical perspective and proportion. Ross points out that Fairchild did indeed wave the bloody shirt too long and too often, and that there was always a clear streak of political opportunism in his make-up. He rarely initiated programs which would place him in jeopardy with the major economic interests of Wisconsin or with a significant portion of the electorate. And, writes Ross, "What religious passion he possessed was reserved for Radical Republicanism, The Union and The Veterans. . . ." To some extent the picture of Fairchild is a...

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