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  <title>Imagining Identity in New Spain: Race, Lineage, and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings (review)</title>
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Like many previous works, this book reminds us that the Spanish imperial hierarchy distinguished rank in a multilayered fashion, primarily on the basis of calidad and polic&amp;#xED;a rather than the more ethnically and racially oriented limpieza de sangre. Indeed, given the nature of the hierarchy, Carrera questions whether colonial notions of raza as lineage can be compared to nineteenth-century notions of race derived from social Darwinism. She uses court documents, literary sources, and edicts and decrees, as would any historian; however, as a trained art historian, she integrates a thorough review of the eighteenth-century casta paintings by Miguel Cabrera, Andr&amp;#xE9;s de Islas, and others. She demonstrates that the 
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  <title>Saberes, terapias y practicas medicas en Argentina (1750-1910) (review)</title>
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This is a convincing example of the possibilities and challenges of writing on issues of health and disease from a social and cultural perspective. In a field that continues to produce more and more monographic works, Saberes, terapias y pr&amp;#xE1;cticas delves into the complex zone of medical pluralism. Di Liscia works with a broad definition of medicine&amp;#x2014;not only scientific and academic discourses, practices, and beliefs, but also those that originate in native and popular medicines. She attempts to deal with the tensions and exchanges among the &amp;#x22;ideological blocks of scientific, native, and popular medicines&amp;#x22; (p. 5 ), and she avoids theoretical constructs that, while perhaps serving as useful tools to bring some order 
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174662">
  <title>Revisiting the Casa-grande: Plantation and Cane-Farming Households in Early Nineteenth-Century Bahia</title>
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					John Manuel Monteiro, review of Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parna&amp;#xED;ba, 1580&amp;#x2013;1822, by Alida C. Metcalf, Hispanic American Historical Review 74, no. 1 (1994): 150; Gilberto Freyre, Casa-grande &amp;#x26; senzala: Forma&amp;#xE7;&amp;#xE3;o da fam&amp;#xED;lia brasileira sob o regime de economia patriarcal, 43rd ed. (1933; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2001); Freyre, Sobrados e mucambos: Decad&amp;#xEA;ncia do patriarcado rural e desenvolvimento do urbano, 12th ed. (1936; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2000); and Freyre, Ordem e progresso, 5th ed. (1959; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2000). Monteiro (p. 150) also asserts that, outside &amp;#x201C;the limited circle of family historians,&amp;#x201D; Freyre currently holds little relevance for Brazilian scholars. Yet, all of 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174663">
  <title>Transcending Conquest: Nahua Views of Spanish Colonial Mexico (review)</title>
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  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Transcending Conquest presents a set of essays meant to give impetus to debates surrounding the reevaluation of the conquest. Wood wants to reevaluate indigenous sources in order to understand how indigenous people saw invading Europeans and reflected on the conquest, as well as how they saw themselves and their role in history. The author follows a tradition founded by Miguel Le&amp;#xF3;n-Portilla and Charles Gibson some 40  years ago, continued by James Lockhart, which has led to today&amp;#39;s broadly accepted view of indigenous people as subjects of their history, having their own historical identity, potentiality, and limitations within colonial society.

Nevertheless, there still are some romantics following the 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174664">
  <title>The Danger of Dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America (review)</title>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Written in clear and comprehensible language, this book demonstrates that the perceived threat to U.S. interests in Latin America posed by the ambitions of 
the German Empire at the turn of the twentieth century did not correspond to reality. These threats included commercial tensions dating back to 1880 , bankers&amp;#39; and industrialists&amp;#39; search for business opportunities, large-scale German immigration to certain regions of the New World and their mercantile bonds with the old country, the aggressive expansionistic rhetoric of Wilhelm II and the pangermanistas that included denunciations against the Monroe Doctrine, the expansion of the German navy, the discovery of Germany&amp;#39;s warlike plans against the United States 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174665">
  <title>En defensa de la autoridad: Politica y cultura bajo el gobierno del virrey Abascal, Peru 1806-1816 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174665</link>
  <description>
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This collection of four previously published articles, complemented with a brief 
introduction and conclusion, focuses on some of the political and cultural confrontations that occurred during the late colonial rule of Peruvian viceroy Jos&amp;#xE9; Fernando de Abascal y Sousa. His term of office corresponded with the early-nineteenth-century crises that challenged the Spanish imperial structure and prompted the colonies to experiment with various forms of self-rule to fill the interregnum. Of particular importance to this work is the rise of liberalism and the move toward constitutional monarchy in Spain. These changes produced new complexities in the colonial relationship and demanded a response from overseas. As others 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174667">
  <title>Espana frente al Mexico amenazado, 1845-1848 (review)</title>
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In this work, Ra&amp;#xFA;l Figueroa Esquer compiles a series of dispatches from Spain&amp;#39;s representatives in Mexico City and Washington DC, in order to illuminate the nature of Spanish neutrality during the Texas independence crisis, Texas&amp;#39;s annexation to the United States, and the Mexican-American War. In an all-too-brief prologue, Esquer claims that the dispatches show that Spain&amp;#39;s neutrality during these gravest international conflicts had a negative effect on Mexico. Moreover, he argues that Salvador Berm&amp;#xFA;dez de Castro, Spain&amp;#39;s minister in Mexico City from March 1845  to August 1847 , was to blame, in part, for the Mexican-American War.

Esquer believes, and the dispatches show, that Spain did not recognize Texas 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174668">
  <title>Las mujeres y la sociedad colonial de Santa Fe de Bogota, 1750-1810 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174668</link>
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Perhaps the strongest criticism that can be directed at Mar&amp;#xED;a Himelda Ram&amp;#xED;rez&amp;#39;s book is that, at less than two hundred pages, it is too short to do justice to its subject. Even so, it is a useful addition to the rapidly growing corpus of works on gender and family in colonial New Granada. Based on a master&amp;#39;s thesis at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, the book marshals an impressive body of printed and manuscript sources. Much of the quantitative data, displayed in 28  tables, comes from Ram&amp;#xED;rez&amp;#39;s analysis of church records in Santa B&amp;#xE1;rbara and Las Nieves, two of the oldest parishes in Santa Fe de Bogot&amp;#xE1;. The author&amp;#39;s citations also reveal her familiarity with writings on gender and society in Mexico, Spain
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174669">
  <title>Slave Traffic in the Age of Abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1859 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174669</link>
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Although overshadowed by Cuba and Brazil, Puerto Rico offers historians an intriguing variant on the operations of the nineteenth-century Atlantic slave trade. Under Spanish dominion, the colony had ample opportunity to import slaves for decades after some of its major competitors were deprived of such supplies. Joseph Dorsey investigates the Puerto Rican slave trade between the formal internationalization of British abolitionist policy in 1815  and the last known shipment of African slaves in 1859. A close textual reading of diplomatic and administrative correspondence reveals the tactics used by Spanish officials on both sides of the Atlantic during the time in which British and international pressures tightened 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174670">
  <title>Muddied Waters: Race, Region and Local History in Colombia, 1846-1948 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174670</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Having admired Nancy Appelbaum&amp;#39;s 1999  article in the HAHR, I looked forward to reading this monograph. I was not disappointed; Muddied Waters is a thoughtful and timely exploration of the constructed nature of regional identity, focused on the conflicting identities of the Riosucio district in Colombia&amp;#39;s western Andes. The book&amp;#39;s central premise is that regions are as much imagined communities as are nations, and that in the case of Colombia, race has played a central role in creating and articulating these community identities.

The book examines the varied stories that Colombians and foreigners have told about the settlers and settlement of Riosucio. The Department of Caldas, in which Riosucio is located, has 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174671">
  <title>The Spirit of Hidalgo: The Mexican Revolution in Coahuila (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174671</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
The historiography of the Mexican Revolution has been dominated by regional studies for some time now. Detailed analyses have focused attention on the states and personalities of Morelos (Emiliano Zapata), Chihuahua (Pancho Villa), Sonora (Alvaro Obreg&amp;#xF3;n), Yucat&amp;#xE1;n (Salvador Alvarado), Veracruz (Adalberto Tejeda), and Michoac&amp;#xE1;n (L&amp;#xE1;zaro C&amp;#xE1;rdenas), to name a few. Missing from this list is the crucial state of Coahuila, home to arguably the two most important figures of the revolution: Francisco Madero and Venustiano Carranza. The Spirit of Hidalgo aims to fill this gap in the historiography, detailing the experiences of Coahuila before and during the revolution. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Pasztor 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174672">
  <title>Entre comunidad y nacion: La historia de Guatemala revisitada desde lo local y lo regional (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174672</link>
  <description>
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The articles gathered here address a society that is both fascinating and notoriously complicated. The authors&amp;#39; finely drawn portraits of local history often run counter to the received wisdom regarding national events. Their evidence will intrigue specialists, and several articles will also engage undergraduates. For example, Isabel Rodas&amp;#39;s careful archival work on Patzic&amp;#xED;a allows her to reconstruct patterns of wealth and privilege across four generations of families that were direct and legitimate heirs to the conquistadors. Yet distance from the colonial capital and failure to maintain alliances with the political elite caused them, over time, to shed their Spanish identity. Instead, they acquired land by 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174673">
  <title>Waking the Dictator: Veracruz, the Struggle for Federalism, and the Mexican Revolution, 1870-1927 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174673</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Veracruz has not figured prominently in Mexican historiography of the 1910  revolution because it hosted neither major grassroots uprisings nor key military conflicts. Karl Koth&amp;#39;s objective is to fill the void by integrating this regionally complex state&amp;#x2014;with its rich oil resources, prosperous export agriculture, and strategic ports&amp;#x2014;into Mexican national history. He takes a revisionist approach, framed within a centralist-federalism paradigm, to unravel the unfolding political struggles between the capital and the provinces during the Porfiriato and the revolution. Although he is particularly concerned with peasant and working-class resistance to centralizing tendencies, socioeconomic processes play a secondary 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174674">
  <title>A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174674</link>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
The author&amp;#39;s stated purpose is to provide a balanced perspective on the history of disease. The Columbian Quincentenary of 1992 &amp;#x2014;its preparations and aftermath&amp;#x2014;focused much attention on the spread of lethal pathogens from Europe to vulnerable native peoples, which has distorted certain truths about the trajectory of fatal diseases as an inexorable part of the human condition everywhere. In the first chapter the author is challenged to relate, in eight thousand words, what is known about Old World epidemiology before 1500  A.D. In contrast, the vague and tentative second chapter reflects the dearth of documentary evidence on disease in the pre-Hispanic New World. These two chapters set the stage for the discussion 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174675">
  <title>Atlantic History: History of the Atlantic System, 1580-1830 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174675</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Don&amp;#39;t be fooled by this book&amp;#39;s title; it cannot justly claim to be anything approaching a history of the Atlantic system. This collection of 29  essays grew out of a 1999  conference in Hamburg. The context in which the volume was generated is important, as it explains the collection&amp;#39;s contents. Participants, for example, had to give papers in English or French. The location of the conference generated many essays on German-speaking people and their experiences in the Atlantic, itself a welcome realignment of conventional approaches to Atlantic history. The volume&amp;#39;s scope thus reflects not a coherent effort to engage different aspects of Atlantic history in a systematic fashion, but instead the participation of 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174676">
  <title>"His Majesty's Most Loyal Vassals": The Indian Nobility and Tupac Amaru</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174676</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
					Quoted in Charles F. Walker, Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780&amp;#x2013;1840 (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1999), 35. The mita was obligatory labor by Indian tributaries provided to the mining centers of Potos&amp;#xED; and Huancavelica. For accounts and analyses of the rebellion, see ibid., 16&amp;#x2013;54; Boleslao Lewin, T&amp;#xFA;pac Amaru el rebelde: Su &amp;#xE9;poca, sus luchas y su influencia en el continente (Buenos Aires: Claridad, 1943); Lillian E. Fisher, The Last Inca Revolt, 1780&amp;#x2013;1783 (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1966); Alberto Flores Galindo, &amp;#x201C;T&amp;#xFA;pac Amaru y la sublevaci&amp;#xF3;n de 1780,&amp;#x201D; in T&amp;#xFA;pac Amaru II&amp;#x2014;1780, ed. Alberto Flores Galindo (Lima: Retablo de Papel, 1976), 269&amp;#x2013;323, and &amp;#x201C;Las revoluciones 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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  <title>The Birth of Modern Mexico, 1780-1824 (review)</title>
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This book contains very useful studies by well-known scholars of the period stretching from the Bourbon reforms to the establishment of Mexico&amp;#39;s first Federal Republic, on topics ranging from rural popular culture to the social and economic strategies of an elite family. Eric Van Young&amp;#39;s article on popular culture and insurgency elegantly condenses many of the main ideas of the author&amp;#39;s recent book. He argues that there was a vast gulf between elite political culture and popular political culture in the period. The project to construct a national state, he offers, was an elite effort that proceeded from the European great tradition and, presumably, the Enlightenment. In contrast, popular political culture was 
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174678">
  <title>A Century of Chicano History: Empire, Nations, and Migration (review)</title>
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Chicana/o history has witnessed a number of historiographical debates that date back to its emergence in the 1960 s. Paradigms and periodization once again emerge as important themes in Gonz&amp;#xE1;lez and Fern&amp;#xE1;ndez&amp;#39;s A Century of Chicano History. The authors challenge current historiographical trends concerning the formation of the Chicana/o community, structure and agency, the importance of gender as a category to analyze labor and Bracero programs, and the ideological forms of colonialism&amp;#x2014;both past and present&amp;#x2014;deployed in Mexico as part and parcel of U.S. empire building. They especially believe that scholars need to reconsider the role of early U.S. imperialist activities in Mexico during the nineteenth century. The 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174679">
  <title>La conquista de quince mil leguas: Estudio sobre la traslacion de la frontera sur de la Republica al Rio Negro (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174679</link>
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The author of this study of the Argentine frontier (originally published in 1878 ), Estanislao Zeballos, was an ardent supporter of frontier conquest and settlement. Thus, as historian Ra&amp;#xFA;l J. Mandrini writes in the introduction to this edition, La conquista de quince mil leguas is not so much a history as it is a policy recommendation to illustrate Zeballos&amp;#39;s plans for what the newly formed Argentine state needed to do about its frontier region. The organization of the book further solidifies Zeballos&amp;#39;s agenda. The 11  chapters are loosely divided into two sections, plus a bibliography. In the first, Zeballos lays down the foundation for what will become the &amp;#x22;new&amp;#x22; frontier south of the R&amp;#xED;o Negro. The second 
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174681">
  <title>Hijas, novias y esposas: Familia, matrimonio y violencia domestica en el Valle Central de Costa Rica (1750-1850) (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174681</link>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Eugenia Rodr&amp;#xED;guez S&amp;#xE1;enz&amp;#39;s premise, that we must reconsider &amp;#x22;the representation of women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as completely passive creatures subordinate to male authority&amp;#x22; (p. 163 ), is rather basic, given the advances in Latin American gender history in the past two decades. This book purports to focus on women and gender relations in daily life but contributes mainly to the demographic and family history of Costa Rica. In the largely quantitative chapters on family size and marriage formation, for example, the particular story of women receives little consideration. The final chapter, based on marital disputes brought to the courts, offers a more satisfying look at the distinct interests 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174682">
  <title>Argentina on the Couch: Psychiatry, State, and Society, 1880 to the Present (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174682</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Argentina, this volume claims, is the &amp;#x22;world capital of psychoanalysis&amp;#x22; (p. 2 ). More than a therapeutic approach, psychoanalysis represents a &amp;#x22;filter of intelligibility&amp;#x22; for contemporary Argentines, a framework for understanding culture, politics, and society (p. 221 ). These essays explore the historical context for this development, resulting in a volume that historians and students interested in twentieth-century Argentine intellectual culture and the globalization of mental healthcare will find worth reading, despite a few nagging problems.

Editor Mariano Plotkin sets two goals for the volume: to map the historical trajectory of &amp;#x22;Argentines&amp;#39; passion for Freud&amp;#x22; and to use the history of the psycho-sciences to 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174683">
  <title>The Human Tradition in Mexico (Review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174683</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Jeffrey Pilcher has assembled 15  capsule biographies of Mexicans from diverse backgrounds into a useful reader intended for undergraduates. He clusters these case studies into four eras (1750-1850, 1850-1910, 1910 -40 , and 1940  to the present) without explaining this periodization. He incorporates the name of a different Mexico City Metro stop into the brief introduction to each biography, arguing for the continued relevance of these historical figures to modern Mexico. The authors of the sketches are largely established scholars who have previously written about these individuals.

In his introduction, Pilcher relates his primary criterion for his selections of &amp;#x22;ordinary people who might scarcely merit a 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174684">
  <title>Sources for the Study of Brazilian Economic and Social History on the Internet</title>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    I recommend choosing the &amp;#x201C;csv-us&amp;#x201D; standard if one wishes the commas and decimals to be in the standard U.S. format. Otherwise the program will use the Brazilian csv format, which uses the European system for placing commas and periods in numeric 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174685">
  <title>Gaitanismo, Left Liberalism, and Popular Mobilization in Colombia (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174685</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Gaitanismo has been one of the most popular subjects of Colombian historiography. W. John Green&amp;#39;s book seeks to provide new explanations for the movement&amp;#39;s political constitution during the first part of the twentieth century. Green writes against those scholars that understand Gaitanismoas a mere result of the corruption or personalistic manipulation of unsophisticated, disoriented (i.e., premodern), and passive masses unable to create more radical political paths. Instead, he argues that Gaitanismo was an autonomous popular movement that consistently&amp;#x2014;and radically&amp;#x2014;challenged both Colombia&amp;#39;s oligarchy and its two-party political system. By using previously unexamined letters written by Gait&amp;#xE1;n and his followers
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174686">
  <title>The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South (review)</title>
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  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Civil war in Guatemala, especially the atrocities and widespread slaughter that took place in highland Maya communities in the early 1980 s, triggered massive displacement and prompted thousands of people to flee the country for a safe haven beyond its borders. The Maya of Morganton adds to a growing body of literature that documents the Maya diaspora throughout Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Fink&amp;#39;s nuanced account demonstrates how exodus from Guatemala resulted in a resilient network of refugees in a most unlikely setting&amp;#x2014;Morganton, North Carolina, &amp;#x22;a usually quiet industrial center of sixteen thousand people perched at the edge of Great Smoky Mountains&amp;#x22; (p. 1 ). This, however, is far more than an 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174687">
  <title>Comandante Che: Guerrilla, Soldier, Commander and Strategist, 1956-1967 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174687</link>
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Paul Dosal tells readers that the four comprehensive biographies of Che Guevara that appeared on the 30th anniversary of his death preempted his desire to write the first scholarly biography of the Argentine medical doctor turned revolutionary. Instead, after reading &amp;#x22;every speech, article, book, letter, and diary written by him&amp;#x22; and &amp;#x22;just about everything ever written about him as well,&amp;#x22; Dosal&amp;#39;s biography became a study of Che&amp;#39;s career as a soldier, commander, and strategist (p. xiii). This did not mean writing conventional military history but rather the story of a &amp;#x22;real man who influenced the lives of millions . . . killed for a cause . . . advocated war to the death against imperialism, and . . . died for his 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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  <g:news_source>Comandante Che: Guerrilla, Soldier, Commander and Strategist, 1956-1967 (review)</g:news_source>
  <g:publish_date>2004-11-04</g:publish_date>
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174688">
  <title>Pueblos, comunidades y municipios frente a los proyectos modernizadores en America Latina, siglo XIX (review)</title>
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The product of a 1999  conference on nation-states in Latin America, Pueblos, comunidades e municipios present five papers on Mexico and six others touching on Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Nicaragua. All are solidly rooted in primary sources and local archives, and most focus on struggles between specific communities and nineteenth-century liberal states over the form, content, and costs of change. The editors identify several points of origin for these conflicts, including the shift from a heterogenous colonial monarchy to a homogenous republican state, the definitions of which groups were, or might be, part of the new nations, and the unequal and sometimes paradoxical economic and social 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174689">
  <title>Schemers and Dreamers: Filibustering in Mexico, 1848-1921 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174689</link>
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It may be surprising to some Americans (only intermittently sensitive to history) that Mexican nationalists should still resent the Yankee landgrab of 1848 , fully a century and a half later. At the other end of the scale, others may uneasily suspect that modern drug problems represent divine retribution against the Yankees or that irrepressible Mexican immigration into California and the Southwest merely evens out a continental balance disturbed during the nineteenth century.

With this account of filibustering, Stout helps fill part of the historiographic gap in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War and at least partly explains the persistence of Mexican resentment. These irregular armed expeditions of 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174690">
  <title>Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174690</link>
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In 1650 , New Spain was home to the second-largest slave population and the greatest number of free blacks and mulattos in the New World. Yet, the experiences of the African diaspora in colonial Mexico specifically, and throughout the colonial New World more generally, remain largely understudied. Herman Bennett&amp;#39;s important study employs a rich and diverse documentary base&amp;#x2014;including marriage records and Inquisition and ecclesiastical court records&amp;#x2014;in order to begin filling this void. For Bennett, Christian marriage&amp;#x2014;as a metaphor for the imposition of a Catholic moral and social order&amp;#x2014;serves as the lynchpin in his study of the expansion of Spanish absolutism and the evolution of an Afro-creole consciousness, seen 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174691">
  <title>La scelta della terra: Studio di un insediamento rurale del Movimento Sem Terra in Brasile (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174691</link>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
This book by Italian scholar Luca Fanelli is no doubt a sound methodological achievement, as well as a sound study in one of the most pressing problems in Latin America today: the relationship between land, migration, and changes in peasant life. In fact, the agrarian problem might well be the most important problem in Latin America&amp;#39;s history, but rarely do we have the opportunity to tease apart the complex relationship between rural and urban areas from the point of view of the people who live in them. Fanelli studied the peasant movement in the Paran&amp;#xE1; region of Brazil, and his methodology is at least as original as his goals. His study is framed as part of a long-lasting debate over the complex relationship 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174692">
  <title>An Encounter of Two Worlds: The Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174692</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
The publication of a new edition of one of the books of Chilam Balam is always something of an event. Written alphabetically in Maya, the manuscripts are rich sources of information on Yucatec Maya history and culture, and only nine have survived from the colonial period. This edition is especially noteworthy, because although the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua is the longest of the nine survivors (roughly 280  manuscript pages), it has never been published, transcribed, or translated in full, and&amp;#x2014;most notably&amp;#x2014;Victoria Bricker and Helga-Maria Miram have done such a thorough and expert job.

Named after a Maya prophet (chilam) named Balam, the nine extant books fall loosely into two categories: those that deal mostly 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
  </description>

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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174693">
  <title>Collisions with History: Latin American Fiction and Social Science from "El Boom" to the New World Order (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174693</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
This intriguing book separates itself into three parts: &amp;#x22;Cataclysmic History,&amp;#x22; in which &amp;#x22;El Boom&amp;#x22; writers collide with Latin America&amp;#39;s conventional, celebratory history; &amp;#x22;History between the Lines,&amp;#x22; where several now-celebrated Boom writers assess the health of the region; and &amp;#x22;History in Disguise,&amp;#x22; in which Latin American social scientists offer their critique of the turbulent present. The author insists that the book is neither a history of Latin American literature nor an overview of social science in the region. Just what is it? The author frames it as &amp;#x22;a book about the historicity of ideas expressed in fiction, commentary, and social science&amp;#x22; (p. 215 ). The postmodernists among us might translate the claim as 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174694">
  <title>Clerical Ideology in a Revolutionary Age: The Guadalajara Church and the Idea of the Mexican Nation (1788-1853 ) (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174694</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Brian Connoughton&amp;#39;s study of contending ideologies captures Mexico&amp;#39;s nineteenth-century church precisely where scholars are accustomed to finding it: on the defensive. Drawing upon sermons and pamphlets from 1788  through 1853 , the author attempts to restore the church to centrality in the evolution of national ideas. Clerical Ideology is actually a translation of a book published 11  years ago in Mexico, but its insistence on the intellectual vitality and variety of the early republic still guarantees a readership, particularly given the number of recent works exploring the role of the Catholic Church in both colonial and national history.

Connaughton&amp;#39;s church is the small circle of Guadalajara&amp;#39;s upper clergy. 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174695">
  <title>State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920-1940 (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174695</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
For three decades, Cuban studies emphasized the origins, process, and aftermath of the 1959  revolution. Scholarly debates often mirrored political polarization, vigorously attacking or defending the revolution. With the end of the cold war in 1990 , a broader exploration of Cuban history emerged, particularly of the Cuban Republic (1902-58). State and Revolution in Cuba is a valuable contribution to this diversification. Whitney argues that Cuba&amp;#39;s political culture changed profoundly between 1920  and 1940 , and he sets out to illuminate how and why. In the process, he sheds light on class and state formation, the incorporation of workers into politics, the transition from dictatorship toward democracy, and the 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174696">
  <title>Chile: The Making of a Republic, 1830-1865: Politics and Ideas (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174696</link>
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This postumous book by Simon Collier is the culmination, as well as the synthesis, of his solid historiographic work. This, his last book, is the continuation of his first book, Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808-1833 (Cambridge University Press, 1967 ), a classic in the field, and improves upon it. This time&amp;#x2014;the author takes on the task of self-criticism&amp;#x2014;its ideas are not untied from politics itself. The small change in the order of the words &amp;#x22;ideas&amp;#x22; and &amp;#x22;politics&amp;#x22; in the title is not coincidence.

Collier develops the idea&amp;#x2014;disputed in the historiography and in Chilean public opinion&amp;#x2014;that Chile is a case distinct from the rest of Latin American in having achieved, early on, political stability and 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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  <g:news_source>Chile: The Making of a Republic, 1830-1865: Politics and Ideas (review)</g:news_source>
  <g:publish_date>2004-11-04</g:publish_date>
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  <dcterms:issued>2004-11-04</dcterms:issued>
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  <title>Ein Institut und sein General: Wilhelm Faupel und das Ibero-Amerikanische Institut in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (review)</title>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Wilhelmine Germany (1871-1918) was noted for its creation of a network of excellent research institutes, including some for the study of overseas cultures and nations. This development resulted from several factors: the rapid rise and increasing sophistication of the German economy, the expansion of Germany&amp;#39;s role in world trade, the creation of first-class universities, and Germany&amp;#39;s well-established expertise in philology and foreign languages. The Ibero-Amerikanische Institut was founded in 1930 , near the end of the Weimar Republic. As a scientific area- studies institute, it enjoyed only a few years of independence before being subordinated to the Nazi Gleichschalting (restructuring) that transformed all 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174698">
  <title>El Cabildo de Caracas (1750-1821) (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174698</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Lila Mago de Ch&amp;#xF3;pite continues her research on the city of Caracas and the governance of colonial Venezuela in this useful volume of cabildo letters from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. With the assistance of Jos&amp;#xE9; J. Hern&amp;#xE1;ndez Palomo, she transcribes all the letters found in the Archivo General de Indias, Section Audiencia de Caracas, and includes selected letters found in the AGI books of the Audiencias of Santo Domingo and Nueva Granada. These 118  letters range from 1741  to 1821  and concentrate on the period of Bourbon reforms, which reduced the autonomy of the Caracas cabildo and created new royal judicial, military, economic, and governmental institutions. The authors also transcribe 6  of 57 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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  <dcterms:issued>2004-11-04</dcterms:issued>
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174699">
  <title>Urban Pioneers: The Role of Women in the Local Government of Santiago, Chile, 1935-1946</title>
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    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
					El Mercurio (Santiago), 29 Jan. 2000, pp. A1 and C2.
					
						El Mercurio (Santiago)
						29
						01
						2000 pp.
						A1 and
						C2
					
				
					El Mercurio, 14 Mar. 2000, p. 1.
					
						El Mercurio
						14
						03
						2000 p.
						1
					
				The principal concern among the coalition that supported Larrachea&amp;#x2019;s candidacy when it was announced was that she would be defeated by her most likely main opponent, Conservative Joaqu&amp;#xED;n Lav&amp;#xED;n, who had narrowly lost to Lagos in the national election. This would leave the president in the awkward position of having to collaborate with his leading rival in the governance of the nation&amp;#x2019;s capital&amp;#x2014;which, indeed, is exactly what happened.
					Mar&amp;#xED;n 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174700">
  <title>The Origins of Argentina's Revolution of the Right (review)</title>
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  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
This volume, as arcane as it first appears, addresses two of the major themes (neither of them new) that dominate the contemporary analysis of Argentine politics. The first is the failure to fulfill the country&amp;#39;s economic and social promise, which was so bright during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The second is the Left&amp;#39;s electoral insignificance. Alberto Spektorowski&amp;#39;s book gives us insight into both of these issues. However, it does so in a plodding manner that does not shed much light until its last 30  or so pages. The author presents an encyclopedic view of the intellectuals and ideologues of Argentina&amp;#39;s radical Right from the 1920 s through the 1940 s&amp;#x2014;mostly a group of mediocre thinkers
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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<item rdf:about="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703">
  <title>Ni aniquilados ni vencidos: Los Embera y la gente negra del Atrato bajo el dominio espanol, siglo XVIII (review)</title>
  <link>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703</link>
  <description>
    &#x3C;p&#x3E;&#x3C;/p&#x3E;
    
Ni aniquilados ni vencidos is a modest but welcome contribution to the literature on the peoples of the little-studied region of the Choc&amp;#xF3; province of Citar&amp;#xE1; (Ember&amp;#xE1;). This was a crucially important gold-producing region within the viceroyalty of New Granada, but indigenous resistance delayed effective Spanish occupation until the end of the seventeenth century, at which point large numbers of slaves&amp;#x2014;creole and African&amp;#x2014;were brought in to exploit gold deposits. Based largely on sources held in the Archivo General de la Naci&amp;#xF3;n and focusing mainly on the eighteenth century, the study &amp;#x22;aims to describe and analyze the process of Spanish colonization of the upper and middle reaches of the Atrato River&amp;#x22; and its impact 
    ... &#x3C;a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174703"&#x3E;Read More&#x3C;/a&#x3E;
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