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Topic 34: Reciprocal Verb Endings
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136 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO TOPIC 34 Reciprocal Verb Endings “Katungwe Kututana” i8FQVTIFBDIPUIFSPOUIFTXJOHw ":BXP1SPWFSC This is a classic Yawo proverb and it has the basic meaning of ‘you scratch my back I will scratch yours’. It also uses the reciprocal verb ending, which we will learn in this section. This proverb employs a common verb kututa = to push. But by adding ana to the end, the meaning changes slightly to mean to push each other. This is an easy way to gain new vocabulary. Although it cannot be used with every single verb it can at least increase your vocabulary by 38.45% (guaranteed). Looking at the formula we start with an infinitive verb form and add the suffix ana. Note: The first ‘A’ of ana and ending ‘A’ of the verb cancel each other out and it is just an ‘A’ sound at the end. &YBNQMFT ,VMJNCJLBTZBUPFODPVSBHF LVMJNCJLBTZB BOBLVMJNCJLBTZBOBUPFODPVSBHFFBDIPUIFS ,VQVUBUPIJU LVQVUB BOBLVQVUBOBUPIJUFBDIPUIFS UPmHIU ,VƌFDFUBUPTQFBL LVƌFDFUB BOBLVƌFDFUBOBUPTQFBLUPFBDIPUIFS ,VLBNVMBUPIPME HSBC LVLBNVMB BOBLVLBNVMBOBUPIPMEHSBCFBDIPUIFS ,VLBNVDJTZBUPIFMQ LVLBNVDJTZB BOBLVLBNVDJTZBOBUPIFMQFBDIPUIFS Note: This cannot be used in the 1st or 2nd person singular conjugations or with singular noun classes because of the reciprocal nature. More than one person or thing has to be involved. Infinitive + ana = Kunonyela + ana = Kunonyelana = To love each other Reciprocal Verb Endings: Ana 137 &YBNQMFTJOUIF1SFTFOU$POUJOVPVT5FOTF +FNBOKBXPBLVMJNCJLBTZBOB 5IFZBSFFODPVSBHJOHFBDIPUIFS ŋBOBDFBLVQVUBOB 5IFDIJMESFOBSFmHIUJOH "DJƌFOZFBLVƌFDFUBOB 5IFDIJFGTBSFTQFBLJOHUPFBDIPUIFS ŋBNQJMBBLVLBNVMBOB 'PPUCBMMQMBZFSTBSFIPMEJOHFBDIPUIFS 5VLVLBNVDJTZBOB 8FBSFIFMQJOHFBDIPUIFS &YBNQMFTPG3FDJQSPDBM7FSCTJO1BTU 1SFTFOU1FSGFDU /FBS'VUVSF 'BS'VUVSF BOE*NQFSBUJWF5FOTFT ŋBMJNCJLBTZFOF 5IFZFODPVSBHFEFBDIPUIFS QBTU 5VQVUFOFLXFMFLP 8FIBWFGPVHIUPWFSUIFSF QSFTFOUQFSGFDU "OBUVƌFDFUBOFDBLBDJ 8IFOXJMMXFTQFBLXJUIFBDIPUIFS OFBSGVUVSF +FNBOKBDBDJLBNVMBOB :PVXJMMHSBCFBDIPUIFS GBSGVUVSF 5VLBNVDJTZBOF 8FNVTUIFMQFBDIPUIFS JNQFSBUJWF Note: In each example above you can conjugate the reciprocal verb just like a normal verb. However, pay special attention with the past tense, as the modified stem changes accordingly (ana becomes ene). Some reciprocal verbs have a slight variation in their ending, ngana instead of ana as an alternative ending. When in doubt we always try ana but a few verbs will use this alternative ending, ngana. We won’t do example sentences for this ngana section. You’ll have to do some of the work you know! Looking at the formula we start with an infinitive verb form and add the suffix ngana. Reciprocal Verb Endings: Ngana Note: With the ana ending of kupikana the ngana swallows up the last na at the end of this verb. Notice that kutukana does the same. &YBNQMFT ,VMFLBUPMFBWF LVMFLB OHBOBLVMFLBOHBOBUPMFBWFFBDIPUIFS ,VUVLBOBUPJOTVMU LVUVLBOB OHBOBLVUVLBOHBOBUPJOTVMUFBDIPUIFS ,VUZPLBUPMFBWF LVUZPLB OHBOBLVUZPLBOHBOBUPMFBWFFBDIPUIFSBUPODF ,XJNVLBUPXBLFVQ LXJNVLB OHBOBLXJNVLBOHBOBUPXBLFFBDIPUIFSVQBUPODF ,VUBNBUPMJWF LVUBNB OHBOBLVUBNBOHBOBUPMJWFXJUIFBDIPUIFS Infinitive + ngana = Kupikana + ngana = Kupikangana = To hear each other TOPIC 34: RECIPROCAL VERB ENDINGS ...