In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

132 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO TOPIC 33 Verb Endings - An Overview Welcome to the powerhouse of Ciyawo; verb endings! We promise that by learning a few simple rules, you will be able to tweak the endings of many Ciyawo verbs and in the process increase your new word vocabulary five fold. It’s guaranteed, or you get your money back! Well, the last bit is really just a figure of speech, as there is no money to give back! Nevertheless, our promise of a ‘language revolution’ is real. We are not talking about merely changing the verb endings so that they become past tense or continuous tense and so forth, i.e. as run, ran and running. This could hardly be considered revolutionary, could it? We are talking about a real increase, where from a single verb stem and with the right verb ending you can have, two, three or four extra words on the tip of your tongue. For example, let’s take the Ciyawo verb kupikana. As you know now, it means to hear. By tweaking the ending, we can turn it into several other new words with different meanings, as can be seen below. Kupikana = to hear “Wow”, we can hear you say, “that’s power!” The above examples are all in the infinitive tense. However, by following the same rules and by applying the rules related to conjugating future and past tenses, new verbs can be made in future or past tenses, or even a negative tense, as shown in the examples below. Kupikana = to hear (Near Future Tense) ,VQJLBO JMB  ,VQJLBOJMB  5PPCFZMJTUFOUPTPNFUIJOH ,VQJLBO HBOB  ,VQJLBOHBOB  5PBHSFF ,VQJLBO JDJTZB  ,VQJLBOJDJTZB  5PVOEFSTUBOE ,VQJLBO JLB  ,VQJLBOJLB  5PCFVOEFSTUBOEBCMF $J O QJLBO JMF  $JNCJLBOJMF  *BNHPJOHUPPCFZMJTUFO UPTPNFUIJOH $J N QJLBO HBOZF  $JNQJLBOHBOZF  :PV BSF HPJOH UP DBVTF UP BHSFF IFBS JOGPSNBM  133 We want to make two points before we briefly overview the verb endings: First, the verb endings are useable across most tenses. This means they can be used in the past, present and future tenses by following the rules of the verb endings as well as of each particular tense. Second, not all verb stems can accommodate the various endings. This is the reason why we use different verbs in our examples; some verbs just do not accommodate certain forms of verb endings, so don’t try and force them. $J B QJLBO JDJTZF  $BQJLBOJDJTZF  4IFJTHPJOHUPVOEFSTUBOE $J UV QJLBO HBOF  $JUVQJLBOHBOF  8FBSFHPJOHUPBHSFF $J DJ QJLBO JDF  $JDJQJLBOJDF  *UJTHPJOHUPCFVOEFSTUBOEBCMF Kupikana = to hear (Past Tense) Just to prove that it is possible to use the verb endings in the present, future and past tense, here are the same words in the past tense (-). Kupikana = to hear (Past Tense -) Some of the most common forms of verb endings are as follows: Reciprocal Verb Endings, -ana, -ngana In Ciyawo the reciprocal verb ending indicates that an action affects two or more people, animals or things. It is commonly called the one another ending because a large proportion of the verbs indicate a mutual reciprocity of an action. An example in English would be the phrase to see each other again. / B QJLBO JMF  /BQJLBOJMF  *PCFZFEMJTUFOFEUPTPNFUIJOH . B QJLBO HFOZF  .XBQJLBOHFOZF  :PVDBVTFEUPBHSFFIFBS ŋB B QJLBO JDJTZF  ŋBQJLBOJDJTZF  4IFVOEFSTUPPE 5V B QJLBO HFOF  5XBQJLBOHFOF  8FBHSFFE $J B QJLBO JDF  $BQJLBOJDF  *UXBTVOEFSTUBOEBCMF $JJTGPSBUIJOH /HB OJ O QJLBOJMB  /HBOJNCJLBOJMB  *EJEOPUPCFZMJTUFOUP TPNFUIJOH /HB OJ N QJLBOHBOZB  /HBOJNQJLBOHBOZB  :PVEJEOPUDBVTFUPBHSFF IFBS /HB OJ B QJLBOJDJTZB  /HBOBQJLBOJDJTZB  4IFEJEOPUVOEFSTUBOE /HB OJ UV QJLBOHBOB  /HBOJUVQJLBOHBOB  8FEJEOPUBHSFFUPHFUIFS /HB OJ DJ QJLBOJLB  /HBOJDJQJLBOJLB  *UXBTOPUVOEFSTUBOEBCMF TOPIC 33: VERB ENDINGS - AN OVERVIEW [18.191.176.66] Project MUSE (2024-04-20 02:40 GMT) 134 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO Kupikana = to hear LVQJLBOB OHBOBLVQJLBOHBOBUPIFBSFBDIPUIFS Kutenda = to do LVUFOEB BOBLVUFOEBOBUPEPUPPOFBOPUIFS Causative Verb Endings, –isya, -esya, -asya, -ekasya, -ika, -eka, -ya, -anya In Ciyawo the causative verb ending indicates that someone or something is causing an action to occur. For example in English we can say that we are raising or lowering something, meaning that we are causing it to go higher or causing it to go lower. Kutenda = to do LVUFOEB FLBTZB...

Share