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119 TOPIC 31 Time Markers Time markers help clarify language for us so that we can sequence events, know when something happened, must happen or will happen. Time markers are generally part of compound sentences and are used to connect two or more ideas in a sentence. In this section we will explore some of these time markers, including the notions of when, at that time, before, first, and since and a few other related ideas. When/At that time – Pa The first time marker that we will look at is when. You might say to yourself, ‘when I have finished learning Ciyawo, I will write my own grammar book, and it will be better!’ We salute you. One form of when in Ciyawo is represented by the use of the syllable pa. Pa is used in this instance neither as a locative or a preposition. Pa conveys the idea of when or at that time. It is the short form of pa katema kele – which means at a certain point in time. Pa can be used at the beginning of a sentence, or it can be placed as a conjunction linking two ideas in a sentence. &YBNQMF4FOUFODFT  /BMJKJNLVUFMFLBVHBMJQBƌBMJKJNLVDBQBZBLVXBMBZFMFZP  *XBTDPPLJOHVHBMJXIFOTIFXBTXBTIJOHUIFDMPUIFT   1BNXBKBXJMFLV.BOHPDIJ UXBQVNXJMFQBNCVMJMJ  8IFOZPVXFOUUP.BOHPDIJ XFSFTUFEJOUIFTIBEF  "DBQJMFZBLVXBMBQBNBTJMFLVMZBVHBMJ  4IFXBTIFEUIFDMPUIFTXIFOTIFm OJTIFEFBUJOHVHBMJ  5VDJQVNVMBQBNCVMJMJQBUVDJXVKBLVTBTV  8FXJMMSFTUJOUIFTIBEFXIFOXFSFUVSOGSPNDPMMFDUJOHm SFXPPE  1BDJDJMZFNCFKVDJKVOJ DJDJKBXVMFLXJOF  8IFOUIFCJSEFBUTUIFTFFET JUXJMMHPFMTFXIFSF In spoken Ciyawo you will often hear pi- used instead of pa-. This is a dialectical variant, which means exactly the same thing. TOPIC 31: TIME MARKERS 120 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO The preposition mu can also be used as a time marker. It connotes the idea of in the time or at that time. Often the ‘U’ is dropped from mu, just leaving the consonant ‘M’, as can be seen in the sentences below. .LVNBMBLVUFMFLBVHBMJNP BLBDBQFZBLVXBMB  8IFOmOJTIFEDPPLJOHVHBMJ ZPVNVTUXBTIUIFDMPUIFT  .VOEBƌJKFMFKPUXBQVNXJMFQBNCVMJMJ  *OBUUIFUJNFXFSFTUFEJOUIFTIBEF After - Perfect Tense In Ciyawo it is possible to clarify an action or event in relation to the time or sequence of something else. Some examples of this in English are the phrases, after I had finished my breakfast, I went out and after we have finished breakfast, we will go out. Some of the sentences using this form of time marker are similar in notion to when, pa, in the section above. To form the notion after in Ciyawo requires two verbs. The first verb is a form of kuli, it is, and is conjugated in the present continuous tense. The second verb is chosen by the speaker and is conjugated in the present perfect tense (+), which uses a modified stem. Looking at the formula, the first verb begins with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, which is joined to li. The second verb begins with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, which is joined to the modified stem of the verb you have chosen to use. It should be noted that we have used the term ‘had’ when expressing this time marker idea. For example; after I had heard. We could also use has, have or had without changing the formula. Note: We have used the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural, PPM, ali above instead of the usual 1st person singular, ndili, because it is irregular. In this context ali translates as she had, while apikene translates as she heard. Together they convey the idea of after when used in this syntax. We have also placed a comma in our formula to help separate the components for you. Some people say that we are just too kind! The following examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep using all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM, from three different noun classes. PPM/CM + li, PPM/CM + Modified stem = A + li, a + pikene = Ali apikene = After she had heard After – Perfect Tense [18.118.120.109] Project MUSE (2024-04-16 20:44 GMT) 121 Kutenda = to do Kugona = to sleep  &YBNQMF4FOUFODFT  /EJMJOEFMFDF...

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