In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

65 CM + a = PM Ju + a = Jwa Mundu jwa macili = A person of strength TOPIC 19 Possessives It is the role of possessives in language to indicate who owns or is associated with another item or person. In English we have several ways of indicating this relationship. First, we can use the handy shortcut, apostrophe ‘S’. For example, ‘Hey, isn’t that Bob’s vehicle?’ The possessive in this case means ‘the vehicle of Bob’. The second way that we indicate ownership of something or someone in English is by using a possessive pronoun such as: his, her, my, your, our, their, or its, in conjunction with a noun. For example we can say, ‘Hey Bob is that your vehicle?’ To which he may respond, ‘Yeh, it’s mine’, or he may say wisely ‘Yeh, its ours’, if Betty is standing close by him! In Ciyawo there are two main methods of showing that something or someone belongs to someone or something else. The first way is through the use of the Possessive Markers, PM, which have the meaning of something or someone. This is most like the apostrophe ‘S’ in English. In Ciyawo the form of the Possessive Marker, PM, is determined by the noun class of the thing being brought into relationship with another thing or person. In our example below, it is the cap, cisoti, which provides the Possessive Marker, PM, in the sentence and not the person, mundu. $JTPUJDBNVOEV   5IFDBQPGUIFQFSTPO  5IFQFSTPOTDBQ -JOHPNCBMZBDJKVOJ  5IFGFBUIFSPGUIFCJSE  5IFCJSETGFBUIFS Possessive Markers, PM, are formed by placing the vowel ‘A’ after the Class Maker, CM, of the noun, which you are seeking to clarify ownership of, or relationship too. Possessive Marker Formation The following table shows the way that Possessive Markers, PM, are formed in each noun class, including the diminutive and locative classes, both singular and plural. TOPIC 19: POSSESSIVES 66 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO $MBTTFT +VoŋB 8Vo+J -Jo(B $Jo:J +Jo4J -Vo4J $. " 1. +V B +XB ŋB B ŋB 8V B 8B +J B +B -J B -ZB (B B (B $J B $B :J B :B +J B +B 4J B 4ZB -V B -XB 4J B 4ZB $MBTTFT 8Vo +Jo4J o(B ,Bo5V ,Vo1B o.V $. " 1. 8V B 8B +J B +B 4J B 4ZB (B B (B ,B B ,B 5V B 5XB ,V B ,XB 1B  B 1B .V B .XB &YBNQMF4FOUFODFTVTJOHUIF1PTTFTTJWF.BSLFST 1. JOFBDI/PVO$MBTT .VOEVKXBNBDJMJ 1FSTPOPGTUSFOHUI4USPOHNBO ŋBOEVƌBLV;BNCJB 1FPQMFGSPN;BNCJB;BNCJBOT .XFTJXBNBMBƌJ .POUIPGOFYU/FYUNPOUI .JTJKB4VMUBO+BMBTJ 7JMMBHFTPG4FOJPS$IJFG+BMBTJ -JDJOHBMZBNCVTJ ,SBBMPGUIFHPBUT5IFHPBUT,SBBM .BUVNCJHB.BMBƌJ .PVOUBJOTPG.BMBƌJ $JUFMBDBNCBƌB  5SFFPG.BIPHBOZ5IF.BIPHBOZUSFF :JUFMBZB,FTIB  5SFFTPG"DBDJB"DBDJBUSFFT /HPNCFKBNLBLB $PXPGNJML.JMLDPX /HPNCFTZBOZBNB $PXTPGNFBU.FBUDPXT -VTVMPMXBNBUPQF 3JWFSPG.VE /HPTJTZBƌBOEV  /FDLTPGQFPQMF1FPQMFTOFDLT 6KJOHBXBNVOEV *HOPSBODFPGBQFSTPO"QFSTPOTJHOPSBODF 6KJOHBXBƌBOEV *HOPSBODFPGQFPQMF1FPQMFTJHOPSBODF (BMJNPUPKB"NJEV 7FIJDMFPG"NJEV"NJEVTWFIJDMF (BMJNPUPTZBCPNB 7FIJDMFTPGUIF(PWFSONFOU5IF(PWFSONFOUTWFIJDMFT .BHBMJNPUPHBCPNB 7FIJDMFTPGUIF(PWFSONFOU5IF(PWFSONFOUTWFIJDMFT ,BNXBOBDFLBOHPOEPMP 4NBMMDIJMEPGUIFTIFFQ-BNC 5VƌBOBDFUXBƌBOEV 4NBMMDIJMESFOPGUIFQFPQMF5PEEMFST ,VOHPQPLPLXBMZVƌB 5PUIFSJTJOHPGUIFTVO5PUIF&BTU 1BMVƌBMBQBDF.BLVNCB "UUIFHSPVOEPG.BLVNCBWJMMBHF"U.BLVNCBWJMMBHFHSPVOE .VMVUVNCPNXBTPNCB *OUIFTUPNBDIPGUIFmTI [52.14.253.170] Project MUSE (2024-04-20 01:17 GMT) 67 Possessive Pronouns Another way that ownership of something or someone is indicated in Ciyawo is through the use of the possessive pronouns such as: mine, yours, theirs, ours and its. The possessive pronouns are formed by prefixing a Class Marker, CM, to a Possessive Pronoun Stem, PPS. Possessive Pronoun Stems, PPS In the following examples the noun cisoti, prayer cap, provides the Possessive Marker, PM, ‘Ca-’, which is prefixed to the Possessive Pronoun Stems, PPS. Examples 1PTTFTTJWF1SPOPVO4UFNT  &OHMJTI BOHV  .JOF FOV...

Share