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Topic 16. Past Tense ( )
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55 TOPIC 16 Past Tense (+) This tense tells of things that happened starting from yesterday all the way back to the time of creation. It is past, things done and over with. For instance I heard that last week or She washed the dishes last night or God created the world would all be in this past tense (+) category. The Ciyawo may or may not need the additional time clarifiers, i.e. last night or last week, instead it is implied that it was an action that happened a while back and not just today as in the present perfect tense. If you have learned or are currently learning the present perfect tense this past tense (+) is easy. The past tense (+) is formed with the modified stem. Looking at the formula we begin with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, followed by the letter ‘A’ which is joined to the modified stem. Past Tense (+) These examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep in all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM from three different noun classes. PPM/CM + a + Modified Stem = N + a + pikene = Napikene = I heard Remember to follow the modified stem table for this tense as well. TOPIC 16: PAST TENSE (+) 56 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO Kutenda = to do Kugona = to sleep &YBNQMF4FOUFODFT /BUFMFDFVHBMJ *DPPLFEVHBMJ .XBKBXJMFLV.BOHPDIJ :PVXFOUUP.BOHPDIJ ŋBDBQJMFZBLVXBMB 4IFXBTIFEUIFDMPUIFT 5XBQVNXJMFQBNCVMJMJ 8FSFTUFEJOUIFTIBEF $JKVOJDBMJMFNCFKV 5IFCJSEBUFUIFTFFET / B UFTJMF /BUFTJMF *EJE .V B UFTJMF .XBUFTJMF :PVEJE " B UFTJMF ŋBUFTJMF 4IFEJE 5V B UFTJMF 5XBUFTJMF 8FEJE 8V B UFTJMF 8BUFTJMF *U WJMMBHF EJE +J B UFTJMF +BUFTJMF 5IFZ WJMMBHFT EJE -J B UFTJMF -ZBUFTJMF *U TOBLF EJE (B B UFTJMF (BUFTJMF 5IFZ TOBLFT EJE $J B UFTJMF $BUFTJMF *U CJSE EJE :J B UFTJMF :BUFTJMF 5IFZ CJSET EJE /BHPOJMF *TMFQU .XBHPOJMF :PVTMFQU ŋBHPOJMF 4IFTMFQU 5XBHPOJMF 8FTMFQU 8BHPOJMF *U WJMMBHF TMFQU +BHPOJMF 5IFZ WJMMBHFT TMFQU -ZBHPOJMF *U TOBLF TMFQU (BHPOJMF 5IFZ TOBLFT TMFQU $BHPOJMF *U CJSE TMFQU :BHPOJMF 5IFZ CJSET TMFQU Notice that there a few sound changes that occur in this tense. Most are for convenience sake in order to make the sounds ‘easier’. tu + a = twa; li + a = lya; mu + a = mwa. ...