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53 TOPIC 15 Present Perfect Tense (+) Aka: Near Past Tense The present perfect tense (+), is the form of the verb that is used to indicate that someone or something has done an action previously, and that the action is completed. Previously, we have called this the near past tense (+). Now, we believe that it is more correct to refer to it as the present perfect tense. In English some examples of this tense would be, He has come from Mangochi, I have eaten toast, and I have drunk tea for breakfast this morning. In Ciyawo the present perfect tense is most generally applied to an action that has been done earlier in the same day. There is however, some flexibility in this time frame. The present perfect tense (+) is formed with a modified stem. Looking at the formula we begin with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or a Class Marker, CM, which is joined to a modified stem. Present Perfect Tense (+) The following examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep with all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM, from three different noun classes. PPM/CM + Mod Stem = N + pikene = Mbikene = I have heard Don’t forget about sound changes that occur when the ‘N’ and the ‘P’ collide! (N + P = MB). TOPIC 15: PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (+) 54 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO Kutenda = to do Kugona = to sleep  &YBNQMF4FOUFODFT  /EFMFDFVHBMJ    *IBWFDPPLFEVHBMJ  .KBXJMFLV.BOHPDIJ   :PVIBWFHPOFUP.BOHPDIJ  "DBQJMFZBLVXBMB   4IFIBTXBTIFEUIFDMPUIFT  5VQVNXJMFQBNCVMJMJ   8FIBWFSFTUFEJOUIFTIBEF  $JKVOJDJMJMFNCFKV   5IFCJSEIBTFBUFOUIFTFFET / UFTJMF  /EFTJMF  *IBWFEPOF . UFTJMF  .UFTJMF  :PVIBWFEPOF " UFTJMF  "UFTJMF  4IFIBTEPOF 5V UFTJMF  5VUFTJMF  8FIBWFEPOF 8V UFTJMF  8VUFTJMF  *U WJMMBHF IBTEPOF +J UFTJMF  +JUFTJMF  5IFZ WJMMBHFT IBWFEPOF -J UFTJMF  -JUFTJMF  *U TOBLF IBTEPOF (B UFTJMF  (BUFTJMF  5IFZ TOBLFT IBWFEPOF $J UFTJMF  $JUFTJMF  *U CJSE IBTEPOF :J UFTJMF  :JUFTJMF  5IFZ CJSET IBWFEPOF Don’t forget about the sound changes that occur when the ‘N’ and the ‘T’ collide! (N + T = ND) /HPOJMF  *IBWFTMFQU .HPOJMF  :PVIBWFTMFQU "HPOJMF  4IFIBTTMFQU 5VHPOJMF  8FIBWFTMFQU 8VHPOJMF  *U WJMMBHF IBTTMFQU +JHPOJMF  5IFZ WJMMBHFT IBWFTMFQU -JHPOJMF  *U TOBLF IBTTMFQU (BHPOJMF  5IFZ TOBLFT IBWFTMFQU $JHPOJMF  *U CJSE IBTTMFQU :JHPOJMF  5IFZ CJSET IBWFTMFQU ...

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