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Topic 9. Imperative Tense (-)
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40 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO TOPIC 9 Imperative Tense (-) This tense is used when it is imperative that someone must not do something. An example of this would be “I must not fall asleep during Ciyawo class” or “We must not stop learning Ciyawo”. The imperative tense (-) is formed with the stem. Looking at the formula we begin with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM or a Class Maker, CM. This is followed by a ka, which is joined to the stem. These examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep in all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM, from three different noun classes. Kutenda = to do / LB UFOEB /HBUFOEB *NVTUOPUEP . LB UFOEB .LBUFOEB :PVNVTUOPUEP " LB UFOEB "LBUFOEB 4IFNVTUOPUEP 5V LB UFOEB 5VLBUFOEB 8FNVTUOPUEP 8V LB UFOEB 8VLBUFOEB *U WJMMBHF NVTUOPUEP +J LB UFOEB +JLBUFOEB 5IFZ WJMMBHFT NVTUOPUEP -J LB UFOEB -JLBUFOEB *U TOBLF NVTUOPUEP (B LB UFOEB (BLBUFOEB 5IFZ TOBLFT NVTUOPUEP $J LB UFOEB $JLBUFOEB *U CJSE NVTUOPUEP :J LB UFOEB :JLBUFOEB 5IFZ CJSET NVTUOPUEP PPM/CM + ka + Stem = N + ka + pikana = Ngapikana = I must not hear Imperative Tense (-) 41 Kugona = to sleep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e aware of the sound change, which occurs when the ‘N’ and the ‘K’ collide! (N + K = NG) TOPIC 9: IMPERATIVE TENSE (-) ...