War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore

Notes

Notes Chapter 1 1. The heritage site, located near the Changi Chapel and Museum, contains a full-sized replica of one gun, storyboards, above-ground markings where the underground tunnels are, and a replica of the original shells which can be lifted by pivot, to illustrate their weight. 2. Karl Hack and Kevin Blackburn, Did Singapore Have to Fall? Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress (London: Routledge, 2004, paperback 2005), Chapter 1, “Introduction”, and Chapter 6, “After the Battle”. 3. Ibid., Chapter 6, “After the Battle’. 4. Diana Wong, “Memory Suppression and Memory Production: The Japanese Occupation of Singapore”, in Perilous Memories: The Asia-Pacific War(s), eds. T. Fujitani, Geoffrey M. White and Lisa Yoneyama (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2001), p. 222; Diana Wong, “War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore: An Introduction”, in War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, eds. P. Lim Pui Huen and Diana Wong (Singapore: ISEAS, 2000), pp. 4–6. 5. Wong, “Memory Suppression and Memory Production: The Japanese Occupation of Singapore”, p. 222. 6. Diana Wong, “War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore: An Introduction ”, in War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, eds. Lim and Wong, p. 5. 7. Ibid., p. 6. 8. Cheah Boon Kheng, “The ‘Black-Out’ Syndrome and the Ghosts of World War II: The War as a ‘Divisive Issue’ in Malaysia”, in Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia, ed. David Koh Wee Hock (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007), pp. 47–59. 9. Asad-ul Iqbal Latif, “Singapore’s Missing War”, Chapter 8 of Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia, ed. David Koh Wee Hock, pp. 92– 103. 10. Abu Talib Ahmad, Malay Muslims, Islam and the Rising Sun (Singapore: JMBRAS Monograph no. 34, 2003), pp. 193, 141–9. 11. This commemorated the Battle of Pasir Panjang, Singapore, of 13–14 February 1942. 345 12. In some cases, leaders of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), a partner in the ruling coalition, attended ceremonies at the new memorials, on the grounds that everyone who had resisted the Japanese should be honoured, regardless of their ideology. 13. The agreement was reached in October 1966. 14. In effect, these multiple accounts were “domesticated” and so made acceptable to the main narrative. “Domestication” here meant re-narrating each group’s war stories in a way that fitted the national themes of the war’s unifying effect, and the emergence of a loyalty to Singapore. Hence, the Malay Regiment, whose primary loyalties had been to the sultans, their Regiment, and the idea of Malay tradition (particularly Malay martial tradition), were rebranded as dying to defend Singapore. In reality, most people thought of Singapore as destined to be part of a wider “Malayan” state until after 1965. See Karl Hack, “The Malayan Trajectory in Singapore’s History”, in Singapore from Temasek to the 21st Century, eds. Karl Hack and Jean-Louis Margolin, with Karine Delaye (Singapore: NUS Press, 2010), pp. 243–91. 15. Straits Times, 9 February 1992. 16. Breen’s book includes discussion of the revelation that Emperor Hirohito stopped visiting Yasukuni because Class “A” War Criminals were enshrined there in 1978. Chapter 2 1. Aruna Gopinath, Footprints on the Sands of Time, Rasammah Bhupalan: A Life of Purpose (Kuala Lumpur: Arkib Negara Malaysia, 2007). 2. Sadly, Don Lee died in 2007. 3. Jane Ross, The Myth of the Digger: The Australian Soldier in Two World Wars (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1985). 4. The writer who expressed the myth of the Anzac soldier was C.E.W. Bean, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: Volume 1: The Story of ANZAC, From The Outbreak of War to the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign May 4 1915 (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1939), 9th edition , originally published in 1921. 5. See Russel Ward, Australian Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1958). 6. For the debate over the Australian legend, see the 1978 issue of Historical Studies vol. 18 no. 71 called The Australian Legend Re-Visited (Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1978). 7. Lachlan Grant, “Monument and Ceremony: The Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial and the Anzac Legend”, in Forgotten Captives in Japanese Occupied Asia, eds. Karl Hack and Kevin Blackburn (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 41–56. 346 Notes to pp. 9–18 8. See Karl Hack and Kevin Blackburn, “The Bridge on the River Kwai...