Agriculture in the Malaysian Region

List of Figures

xi List of Figures 2.1 Rice Production and Area per Person in Malaysia, 1949–78 10 2.2 Production and Area of Rubber and Oil Palm per Person in Malaysia, 1949–78 11 2.3 Rubber and Palm Oil Prices, 1948–79 12 2.4 Area under Cultivation and Major Crops in Malaysia, 1972 16 2.5 Land Use in Peninsular Malaysia 17 2.6 Percentage Deviation of State Crop Areas from National Average in Peninsular Malaysia (early 1970s) 18 2.7 Permanent Rice Cultivation on the Lowland, with Rubber-growing Extending into the Upland where Shifting Cultivation (marked by the presence of scrub) is also practised: Kota Tinggi, Johor 21 2.8 Lowland Permanent Wet Rice-growing with Kampung Cultivation, Terengganu Plain 22 3.1 Sample Land Suitability Map, Sandakan District, Sabah 26 4.1 Rubber Areas of Peninsular Malaysia 32 4.2 Oil palm Areas of Peninsular Malaysia 34 4.3 Coconut Areas of Peninsular Malaysia 38 4.4 Rice areas of Peninsular Malaysia 39 6.1 Land Use Pattern of the Kudat Peninsula, Sabah, an Area of Intense Shifting Cultivation with some Permanent Agriculture 66 6.2 Landscape Elements and the Agroecosystem of Shifting Cultivation 71 6.3 Seasonal Cycle of Economic Activities amongst the Temuan of Southwest Peninsular Malaysia 82 7.1 Sub-types of Rice Cultivation 93 7.2 Landscape Elements in Wet-rice Cultivation and their Economic Uses 96 7.3 Field Patterns in Lowland Kedah 97 7.4 The Rice-field Ecosystem 101 7.5 The Main-season Cycle of Rice Cultivation in Terengganu 118 7.6 Rice Cultivation Cycles in the Muda Region, Northeast Peninsular Malaysia 123 7.7 Labour Inputs on Rice Farms in Melaka and Coastal Selangor 125 8.1 Perennial Crop Small-holder Cultivation, Muar, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (map extract) 147 8.2 The Ecosystem of Small-holder Rubber-growing 151 8.3 Marketing from Rubber Estates and Small-holdings 169 9.1 The Distribution of Estates and Land Development Schemes, Peninsular Malaysia (late 1970s) 183 9.2 Plan of a Pineapple Estate Settlement, Johor (1960s) 193 9.3 Plan of an Oil Palm Estate, Northwest Selangor (late 1970s) 196 9.4 The Oil Palm Ecosystem 197 9.5 Processing on Rubber Small-holdings and Estates 205 9.6 The Palm Oil Factory as a System 207 10.1 The Landscape of Intensive Vegetable and Livestock Farming 215 10.2 The Spatial Pattern of Crop Rotation on a Singapore Vegetable Farm 216 10.3 Landscape Elements and Ecosystem of an Intensive Vegetable and Livestock Farm (1970s) 218 11.1 Malaysia: Number and Proportion of People in Agriculture, 1960–2010 234 12.1 Singapore: Sketch Map Showing Agricultural Areas in 1967 and 2005 304 xii List of Figures ...