Notes
Notes Chapter 1 Introduction 1. There were no solid bridges in Tibet before the 1950s; people crossed rivers using rope bridges or animal-skin rafts. The 13th Dalai Lama imported two cars from India in 1928 for his personal use in urban Lhasa. The British agency in Gyantse imported three trucks in 1930. Because of poor road conditions the trucks were used only two or three times, between Gyantse and Pagri. Around 1931, there was a small mint and a gun factory in Lhasa with about 120 employees. A small hydroelectric station was closed soon after it began operating in the early 1930s (Tanzen and Zhang Xiangming, 1991b: 87–88, 136). 2. The administrative structure in China is: central government (Beijing), province or autonomous region, prefecture (in the TAR that also means the Lhasa Urban District), county, xiang (town) and administrative village (which could include one or several natural villages depending on population). 3. The English version of this article was published in JIATS in 2008. (JIATS, No. 4, December 2008), THL #T5561, 42 pp. (http://www.jiats.org/ or http://www.thlib.org/ collections/texts/jiats/) 4. Professor Fei Xiaotong (Fei Tsiao-tung, 1910–2005) was an internationally acclaimed sociologist and anthropologist. He received his Ph.D under the guidance of Professor Bronislaw Malinowski at the London School of Economics in 1938. His doctoral dissertation, Peasant Life in China, was published by Routledge Press in 1939 with a preface written by Malinowski. He returned to China in 1938 during the war against the Japanese and until the 1950s taught at Yunnan University, Qinghua University and the Central College of Minority Nationalities. He was criticized as one of the six “famous rightists” in 1957 and suffered a great deal during the Cultural Revolution. He became active again in the late 1970s when Deng Xiaoping came to power. He served in many important positions, such as Chairman of the Democratic League (a non-communist political party), Vice-Chairman of the National Council of Political Consultation and Vice-Chairman of the National People’s Congress (China’s Parliament). He established the Institute of Sociology andAnthropology (ISA) at Peking University in 1985, serving as its first Director. He remained an academic supervisor and its Honorary Director of ISA until he passed away in 2005. 358 Notes to pp. 6–36 5. Lhasa City is an administrative unit at the prefectural level with eight counties to administer, including the Lhasa Urban District, which is the equivalent of a countylevel administrative unit. The seven prefectures in the TAR are: Lhasa, Shigatse, Lhoka, Chamdo, Nying Chi, Naqchu and Ngari. 6. In 1987 the administration of rural areas was in transition (“abolishing districts and establishing xiang”); preparation work for the transition provided the most recent and reliable data for those newly established xiang. 7. Residential registration files in rural China record residential location (e.g. from the east end to the west in each row of houses in a rural village or an urban street) or former productive teams (the households of one team usually live next to each other). From previous research experience in Inner Mongolia, we found that the ideal method of selecting samples was by equidistance (Ma, 1987). The sampling procedures were designed and conducted by Professor Hao Hongsheng of the People’s University of China. He received his MA degree at the University of Michigan and was a student of Professor Leslie Kish, a leading American sampling expert. 8. Because these unit households were organized based on “work units” (danwei) (Li and Wang, 1996), the number of residents within each unit household may range from fewer than 10 to several thousands depending on the nature and size of the work unit. The largest units in Lhasa were transportation companies that had more than 4,000 employees, mainly truck drivers. The Han residents registered in unit households were mainly the government-arranged temporary migrants who worked in the TAR for a service term only (usually three years, sometime eight years in recent arrangements). Chapter 2 The Geographic Distribution and Changes in the Tibetan Population of China 1. When the Dalai Lama negotiated with the central government of China in 1982, one important request was that any solution must include that the Tibetan-inhabited areas in Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan be unified into one “Great Tibet.” The speech the Dalai Lama made at the European Parliament in 1988 stated that Tibet and the Tibetan-inhabited areas in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan should become an...
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