Notes
Notes 1. For example, Katz 1976; Weeks 1977; Foucault 1978; Boswell 1980; D’ Emilio 1983; Halperin 1989; Chauncey 1994; Howard 1999; Healey 2001; Boag 2003; Johnson 2004; Houlbrook 2005. 2. Leupp 1995; Pugfelder 1999; McLelland, 2000, 2005; Reichert, 2005. 3. Wu and Steveson 2006; Zhou 2006. 4. An 1995; Fang 1955; Li 1992, 1998; Chen 2003. 5. Rofel 1999, 2007. 6. Hanan 1980. 7. McMahon 1988. 8. Volpp 1994. 9. Xiaomingxiong 1984; Ng 1987, 1989; Hirsch 1990. 10. Xiaomingxiong is not the rst to write on this topic in Chinese. Pan Guangdan wrote what became a classical essay, “Zhongguo wenxinzhong tongxinglian juli ” (“Examples of homosexuality in the Chinese Documents”) in 1946, which I study in the Chapter Two. In addition to Pan’s writing, among the sources that Xiaomingxiong uses is Zhongguo tongxinglian mishi (The secret history of homosexuality in China), authored by Weixinshiguan Zhaizu and published in Hong Kong in 1964. 11. Vitiello 1992. 12. Brook 1998: p. 232. 13. Volpp 2001: p. 81. 14. Sommer 2000. 15. Szonyi 1998: 16. Dikotter 1995: pp. 137–45. 17. Sang 2003: pp. 99–126. 18. Liu 1997: pp. 49–50. 19. Quoted in Xiao 2000: p. 28–29. My translation. 20. Xiao 2000: p. 29. 21. Liu 1995: p. 48. 22. Liu 1995: p. 47. 23. Liu 1995: p. 394, note 5. 24. Liu 1995: p. 45–76. 25. In Dangerous Pleasures, Hershatter found that male prostitution was discussed in tabloids and city guidebooks. See Hershatter 1997: p. 63. 26. InhisstudiesofShanghaitabloids,HongYudividesthelifeofShanghaitabloidnewspapers into four periods: the creation period 1897–1918, the ourishing period 1919–1930, the 150 transformation period, 1930–1937, and the declining period, 1937–1952. Hong 2007: pp. 53–74. 27. Other topics include historical stories and satires aimed at government ofcials as well as people on the street. Li 2006: pp. 342–343. 28. See Li 2006: pp. 343–344. 29. In her study of Shanghai tabloids, Li Nan calls the tabloid language “loose classical” (songdong de wenyan, ᕌ৽ؿʼӰ). Li 2006: pp. 275–276. 30. Li 2006: pp. 157–159. 31. Hong 2007: pp. 143–157. Also see Li 2006: pp. 151–177. 32. Quoted in Li 2006: p. 340. My translation. 33. Homoeroticism appeared in seventeenth-century notation books, as Sophie Volpp’s study shows. Volpp reads “notation books as rhetorically motivated rather than documentary.” Volpp 2001: p. 80 34. Li 2006: p. 339. 35. Li 2006: p. 340–341. For characteristics of recreational articles, see Li 2006: p. 342. Li’s argument is evidently inuenced by the opinions of May Fourth writers such as Mao Dun, as her reference suggests. The relationship between May Fourth and tabloid writers is discussed below. 36. Li 2006: p. 342. 37. Lee 2000: p. 4. I am indebted to Hong Yu’s work for calling my attention to Lee’s Chinese essay “‘Piping kongjian’ de kaichuang: cong Shenbao ‘ziyoutan’ tanqi” (“Creating ‘Critical Space:’ Beginning with Shanghai Journal’s ‘Freedom forum,’” “ғിيං” ؿ— «͇ ం» “Ϭͅᇹ” ᇹ). Many early tabloids had names whose meaning is related to recreation and entertainment, for example, Xiaobao (ॐం, Laughter news) (1897), Xiaoxianbao (ࣱඃ ం, Pastime news) (1897), Qubao (መం, Amusement news) (1898), and Xiaolinbao (ॐ׳ం, Laughter forest news) (1901). For a list of Shanghai tabloids, see Hong 2007: pp. 388–439; Li 2006: pp. 383–416. 38. In fact, some tabloids were originally supplements of standard large-format newspapers, Jingbao (Crystal) being a good example. See Chapter Four. 39. For a study of Shenbao, see Link 1981: 95–118. 40. Lee suggests that it might mean “being in one boat” (tongzhou gongji, ϱͳᏜ). Lee 2000: p. 6. 41. The original article written in classical Chinese is punctuated by Lee and quoted in Lee 2000: pp. 5–6. 42. Lee 2000: pp. 7–14. 43. Lee 2000: p. 13. 44. For how the censorship worked in the case of compiling “Compendium of Modern Chinese Literature,” see Liu 1995: pp. 214–238. 45. Lee 2000: pp. 14–20. 46. Hong 2007: p. 353–354. 47. Fu’ermosi 1929, March 8, quoted in Hong 2007: p. 354. 48. Hong 2007: p. 321. 49. “Shanghai style” is understood to mean commercial and shallow, among other things. 50. Both are quoted in Hong 2007: p. 321. 51. “Celebrities” included “lm stars, theatre owners, diviners, fake Daoists (charlatans), brothel madams, prostitutes, famous opera actors, deserted women, female ‘heroes’ who killed an adulterer or an adulteress, protagonists of love affairs between master and servant, and shoe makers, among others.” Li makes this list based on a series of reports in Tiebao (ᚁం, Iron...
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