Notes
257 CHAPTER 1 1 Geoffrey Parker, The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England, The Mariner’s Mirror 82, 1996, p. 276. 2 Gaspar Correa, The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama and His Viceroyalty, translated by Henry E. J. Stanley, Burt Franklin, New York, 1963 (1869), p. 367. 3 Jin Guo Ping and Wu Zhiliang, The Chinese Imperial Court and the Origins of Macao, Macau No. 14/2003 and No. 15/2003. 4 Jin Guo Ping and Wu Zhilang, The Chinese Imperial Court, report instances of the trade and Fei Chengkang, Macao 400 Years, The Publishing House of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, 1996, reports that the dramatist Tang Xianzu ridiculed the Ming government for spending huge sums of money on ambergris. 5 According to Joseph Needham, in Gunpowder as the Fourth Power, East and West, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1985, the Chinese were the first to discover the mixture of sulphur, saltpetre and charcoal that makes gunpowder. They did this around 850 A.D. and gradually developed weapons to make use of it. The first were probably simple bombs and grenades although fire-lances were also an early invention with one being illustrated on a Buddhist banner in around 950 A.D. The fire-lance was not a gun as it did not expel a projectile but merely sent out fire in much the same way as a fire-thrower. Gradually it was realised that the fire-lance could send out particles and that if the projectile filled the bore it would be propelled with great force. Thus the gun or cannon was developed. This happened around 1280 and the idea spread to Europe about 1310. 6 Kenneth Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. 7 In practice the “match” was a cord impregnated with saltpetre so that it burnt evenly without going out. 8 There are many reports relating to the First Opium War that indicate the use of matchlocks by the Chinese. 9 See Chapter 10 for a description of small arms development. 10 The name of the city is potentially confusing. In 1583 the Portuguese gave it the names “Porto de nome de Deos” and “Porto de Amacao”. Later it was called “Cidade do nome de Deos do porto de Macao” and then “Cidade do santo nomo de Deos de Macao”. The Chinese called the port Gaou-mun and the city Gaou-king. Auo-mun is the local pronunciation of Gauo-mun and is still used today. It has been suggested that the term “Macau” was a Westernisation of “A Ma”, the name of the temple situated at the mouth of the Inner Harbour. 11 This map was published 12 April 1796 by George Nicol. 12 Descrição de Macau, em 1635 por António Bocarro. Manuscript titled Book of the Plans of all the Fortresses, Cities and Towns of East India, with description of the altitude they are in, and of all they contain; Artillery, Garrison, men-at-arms, and vassals; income and expenditure; anchorage and shoals of their roadsteads; Kings of their hinterland, and power thereof; the state of peace or war they keep; and everything which is subject to the Crown of Spain. Dedicated to the Most Serene Majesty King Philip IV of the Spain, and III of Portugal, our King and Lord. A translation is included in Major C. R. Boxer, Macau Three Hundred Years Ago, Macau, Imprensa Nacional, 1942. NOTES 258 13 Lapa or Lappa Island is also referred to as Priests Island. This is because an area was granted to the Jesuits in 1644 as a burial place for Father João Rodrigues, who had provided good services to the emperor, and other orders later acquired land there. 14 It is somewhat confusing that the Portuguese use the same word for monastery as for convent and it is usually translated as “convent”. In fact there was only one establishment for females, the convent of Santa Clara; the rest were for males. 15 The term “hermitage” is a translation of the Portuguese word ermida. It is slightly confusing as a hermitage is usually taken to mean the abode of a hermit, whereas in Macau terms it is used to denote a shrine or a chapel to a particular saint to which people go to give thanks. CHAPTER 2 1 C. R. Boxer, Portuguese Society in the Tropics, The Municipal Councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia and Luanda 1510–1800, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison and...
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