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v Preface vii Acknowledgements xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 The Arrival of the Portuguese in Asia 1 Firearms 3 Settlement at Macau 4 A Description of Macau 5 CHAPTER 2. SEVENTEENTHCENTURY DEFENCES 9 The First Fortifications 9 The 1622 Attack by the Dutch 11 The Construction of a Walled City 14 Other Defensive Works 18 Arms Manufacture 20 Conclusion 22 CHAPTER 3. THE FIRST PHASE OF FORT BUILDING 23 Construction Methods 23 Layout Design 24 Plans of the Forts 24 Monte Fort 25 Fort of São Francisco 32 Penha Fort 36 Fort of Bom Parto 37 The Battery of São Pedro 40 Barra Fort 42 Guia Fort 48 The Northern Wall 54 The Southern Wall 58 Conclusions 58 CHAPTER 4. THE YEARS OF PEACE 61 Historical Development 61 The Battle against Kam-Pau-Sai 64 Revolutionary Effects in Macau 66 Conclusions 67 CHAPTER 5. NINETEENTH-CENTURY DEFENCES 69 The First Opium War 69 Amaral’s Adventures in Macau 70 The New Forts 74 Summary 80 CHAPTER 6. THE SECOND PHASE OF FORT BUILDING 83 Construction and Layout 83 Taipa Fort and Barracks 83 Fort of Mong Ha 89 Fort of Dona Maria II 93 Fortim da Ilha Verde 96 São Francisco Fort and Barracks 96 Battery 1st of December 98 The Border Barrier 100 The Coloane Battery 101 CHAPTER 7. TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEFENCES 103 Historical Development 103 New Fortifications 105 Pirates and the Garrisoning of Taipa and Coloane 110 The Japanese Wars 115 Post-War Defence 116 CONTENTS vi The 1 2 3 Incident 118 Changing Times 119 The Handover 120 CHAPTER 8. THE DEFENSIVE ROLE OF THE NAVY 123 Early History 123 The Lorcha 125 The Weapons of the Navy 126 The Macau Naval Station 128 The Start of the Twentieth Century 130 Pirates 133 Modernisation in the 1930s 134 Naval Aviation in Macau 135 The Post-War Era 138 CHAPTER 9. ARTILLERYINMACAU 141 The First Guns 141 Smooth Bore Cannon 144 Macau’s Cannon Foundry 146 Cast Iron Guns 148 Swivel Guns 156 Mortars and Howitzers 157 The Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Design 159 Rifling 161 Breech Loading and Quick Firing 165 Machine Guns 170 Conclusions 173 CHAPTER 10. PORTUGUESE SMALL ARMS 175 Earliest Arms 175 Early Portuguese Firearms 176 Wheellocks and Flintlocks 178 The Percussion System 180 Rifling 181 The Modern Development of Small Arms 182 Cartridges and Breech Loading 182 Magazine Rifles 186 Sub-Machine Guns 188 Revolvers 189 Automatic Pistols 193 A Secret Weapon 196 Conclusions 197 APPENDIX I. ACCOUNT OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST PIRATES IN 1810 by Anders Ljungstedt 199 APPENDIX II. GUNPOWDER PRODUCTION 203 APPENDIX III. LISTS OF CANNON EXISTING IN MACAU AT VARIOUS TIMES 207 APPENDIX IV. SMALL ARMS AT THE SECURITY FORCES’ MUSEUM 215 Notes 257 Index 269 C O N T E N T S ...

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