Notes
Notes CHAPTER 2 1. For a detailed discussion specifically on India as a linguistic area, see, for example, Emeneau (1956) and Masica (1976); as a sociolinguistic area, see, for example, D’souza (1992) and Mukherji (1963), and as a literary area, see, for example, B. Kachru (1992d: 149–159). 2. For references, see Bailey and Görlach (1982). 3. See Thumboo (1992) and B. Kachru (1987a; 1995a). 4. See B. Kachru (1986c) and later. 5. This ‘controversy’ has received wide attention in literature on world Englishes and ELT. 6. See, for example, B. Kachru (1992c). 7. See ‘Selling English by the Pound’, Times, 24 October 1989, p. 14, cited by Romaine (1992: 254). CHAPTER 3 1. For references see Aggarwal (1982) and Ramaiah (1988). 2. Most of these studies are in the form of dissertations and theses submitted to various universities in South Asia, particularly the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad; Shivaji University, Kolhapur; Delhi University, Delhi; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; University of Poona, Pune; Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu; and Osmania University, Hyderabad, to name the major centres of such research (for specific references, see two useful bibliographical resources, Aggarwal, 1982; Ramaiah, 1988). 3. There were two attitudes towards lexicalization from South Asian languages: one of disapproval of such borrowing, and the other of considering such borrowing vital for the administration of the Raj. Regardless of these diametrically opposite views, the South Asian lexicalization of English continued to increase. CHAPTER 4 1. In recent years, this aspect of Japanese English has been discussed in a variety of studies. In World Englishes over a dozen studies have appeared. See also Tanaka 258 Notes to pages 75–121 and Tanaka (1995) and Loveday (1996). In her paper Kubota (1997, manuscript) includes several studies. A majority of these studies are written in Japanese and are not available in English. These include: Erikawa (1995), Ishino (1996), Kabashima (1980), Kinoshita (1990), Koike and Tanaka (1995), Kubota (1992, 1994), Lummis (1973, 1976), Mizuno (1993), Morioka (1963), Nakamura (1989, 1991, 1992), Oishi (1990, 1993), Saisho (1975), Santos (1992), Sugimoto and Ross (1980), Tsuda (1994c), Watanabe (1995), Yoshino (1992) and Stanlaw (2004). 2. This distinction was first made by Anne Pakir with reference to Singapore. 3. For references see Stanlaw (1992 [1982], 2004); Hoffer and Honna (1988); Hayashi and Hayashi (1995); Ike (1995: 134–6). 4. World population: 6,371,211,184 (May 29, 2004) (Source: US Census Bureau World pop clock: www.census.gov/cgi_bin/ipc/popclockw). US population: 280,562,489 (4.4%); UK population: 59,778,002 (0.93%). (Source: World population statistics: www.mongabay.com/igapo/world_statistics_by_pop.htm). 5. These fifteen universities were chosen for a very simple reason: their catalogues/ bulletins were available in the Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii. CHAPTER 5 1. See particularly Fishman et al. (1977); Bailey and Görlach (1982); B. Kachru (1982d and 1986a); Mazrui (1975); Lowenberg (1988). Phillipson (1992 [1995]) and later, and Pennycook (1995) and later. 2. Personal communication, April 1988. 3. It should be noted that there are, however, some exceptions, e.g. Halliday (1973; 1978); Hymes (1974); Labov (1973). 4. For an excellent example, see Hobson-Jobson by Yule and Burnell (1886), and B. Kachru (1983 b). See also Chapters 5 and 6. 5. For a review of the major issues and relevant references, see Hock (1986). The earlier paradigm of contact linguistics is presented in Weinreich (1953). 6. I am grateful to Rosa Shim for this and other observations on Korean. 7. There is now a considerable body of literature across languages exploring the sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, literary and other motivations for such mixing, specifically with English and South Asian languages (see B. Kachru, 1983b: 193– 207; Bhatia and Ritchie, 1989). 8. The attitude towards English in Europe has significantly changed since 1957. The new trends are well documented by the studies of Suzanne Hilgendorf and others. 9. For further discussion and references, see Asmah (1982) and Lowenberg (1984). 10. For Nigerian Pidgin see Dwyer (n.d.) and Schneider (1966). CHAPTER 6 1. In three randomly selected catalogues of publishers for 1985, I found the following titles advertised: Cambridge University Press, English for Science and Technology, L. Trimble; Pergamon Institute of English, Bank on Your English (M Pote et al.); English for Negotiating (J. Brims); Developing Reading Skills in ESP (includes volumes on biological sciences, physics, or medicine, telecommunications); Seaspeak (includes a Reference Manual, Training Manual, Teacher’s Guide and Workbook, Self-Study Course); The Language...
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