The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree: A Study of the Muhammadiyah Movement in a Central Javanese Town, c.1910s-2010 (Second Enlarged Edition)

12. Festival Kotagede: Conflict and Integration

341 12 Festival Kotagede Conflict and integration the Beginning: suCCess oF Festival Kotagede 99 Efforts for the revitalization of local culture and arts have been realized in a series of community events called the Festival Kotagede (FK) held in 1999, 2000, and 2002. Those events have reflected internal dynamics within the local community in which the Muhammadiyah has occupied a significant position. The Muhammadiyah as an organization did not participate in the events. But, it became an informal stakeholder since its members were divided into two opposing groups — one group promoted the festival while the other criticized some of the programmes of the FKs. The events have given serious and meaningful lessons to the Muhammadiyah in terms of its relationship with local culture and arts in particular and its overall relationship with the diversifying local community. Furthermore, the events were extremely significant in many ways beyond local context. From a national perspective, FK seems to be inseparable from the nationwide atmosphere of the Reformasi. Certainly, the removal of President Soeharto from the top of the power structure opened up a Pandora’s box including culture: freedom of cultural expression went hand in hand with the guarantee of political freedom. PAN, PDI-P, Golkar, PKB, and other political groups were now free to express sub-cultures of their own respective 342 The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree constituencies in election campaigns. Also, with the advancement of regional autonomy, the provincial and municipal governments of Yogyakarta have become more active in promoting tourism on their own initiatives than before. International attention and cooperation has also become much wider and more active than before as indicated by the funding provided by the World Bank. Those factors all worked in favour of the FK. In a sense, the FK was a local celebration and appreciation of the Reformasi. Therefore, it is understandable that two serious studies have already been made on FK, one by a university student1 native of Kotagede and the other, by an experienced outside observer.2 Brosur Lebaran has also taken up the events on several times.3 I shall rely on these sources when describing and discussing the events. The actual beginning of the FK was made by the meeting of two actions: (1) an inventory of local cultural and artistic activities taken by Erwito Wibowo in 19994 and (2) the offer of a small grant from the World Bank for the promotion of local culture. Erwito’s list prepared at the request of the Cultural Division of the Yogyakarta Provincial Government provided solid evidence that Kotagede had the potential of holding such events. On the basis of this inventory, cultural and artistic activities were now not only officially recognized as common asset of the town but also moved out of its narrow environments as attractions for the Independence Day celebration held in local neighbourhoods or as the residue of the Kraton tradition. The basis for FK as a much wider public event was thus founded. 1. Nur Cahyati Wahyuni, “‘Kotagede Ewuh’: Festival Kotagede dan Identitas Kultural” [‘Kotagede Prepares a Party’, Festival Kotagede and Cultural Identity], a Sarjana thesis in anthropology, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2005. 2. M. Jadul Maula, “The Moving Equilibrium: Kultur Jawa, Muhammadiyah, Buruh Gugat di dalam Festival Kotagede 2000” [The Moving Equilibrium: Javanese culture, Muhammadiyah and Workers’ Demand in Festival Kotagede 2000], in Ngesuhi Deso Sak Kukuban, by M. Jadul Maula (Yogyakarya: LKiS, 2001), pp. 3–39. 3. “AgendaKotagede:FestivalKotagede’99”,BrosurLebaran,No.38,1420H/2000M, pp. 62–63. “Membuka Frame Festival Kotagede di Tengah Polemik Pemikiran” [Opening the Frame of Festival Kotagede in the midst of polemic of thoughts], Brosur Lebaran, No. 40, 1422H/2001M, pp. 29–39. 4. Erwito Wibowo, “Peta Potensi Seni Tradisional di Kotagede” [Map of Traditional Arts in Kotagede], Brosur Lebaran, No. 38, 1420H/2000M, pp. 72–77. “Kelompok Kesenian Srandul, Purba Budaya Bumen, Pimpinan Basis Festival Kotagede 343 Even though the grant from the World Bank was small, it gave an impetus to launch a new challenging project. The meeting of the two factors was sufficient to mobilize further action locally. A committee was formed around PUSDOK, which called for wider participation through official channels of Kecamatan and RW. The committee consisted of members from PUSDOK, YHS (Yogyakarta Heritage Society), YRSMI (Yayasan Seni Rupa Mataram Indonesia, Foundation for Expressive Arts of Mataram, Indonesia), Dinas Pariwisata Kota Yogyakarta (Tourism Division of Yogyakarta Municipal Government), FOKOPA...