Myanmar in ASEAN: Regional Cooperation Experience

Contents

Table of Contents List of Tables and Boxes x Preface xii Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations xv ASEAN Organizational Structure xviii 1. Introduction: Southeast Asia, Myanmar and ASEAN 1 1.1 What is Southeast Asia? 1 1.2 Socio-economic Characteristics of Southeast Asian Nations: A Brief Overview 2 1.3 Myanmar: Geography, Demography and Natural Resources 7 1.4 What is ASEAN? 9 1.5 Objective of the Study 9 2. ASEAN: Evolution of Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia 11 2.1 Evolution of Regional Cooperation and the Formation of ASEAN 11 2.1.1 Objectives of ASEAN 14 2.2 Political and Security Cooperation 15 2.2.1 Intra-ASEAN Security Cooperation 21 2.2.2 ASEAN and the Major Powers 22 2.2.3 The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 23 2.2.4 ASEAN and Other Regional Organizations 24 2.3 Economic Cooperation: From PTA to AFTA and AFTA-Plus 25 2.3.1 From PTA to AFTA 26 2.3.2 ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) 29 2.3.3 Cooperation beyond AFTA 36 2.3.4 ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) 37 2.3.5 ASEAN Vision 2020 38 2.3.6 Intra-ASEAN Trade and Investment 39 2.3.7 External Linkages of ASEAN Economic Cooperation 40 00 Myanmar Prelims 16/12/04, 3:34 PM 7 viii CONTENTS 2.4 Functional Cooperation 47 2.5 The ASEAN Organizational Structure 51 2.6 Achievements and Problems of ASEAN 55 3. Political and Economic Development of Myanmar: An Overview 59 3.1 Myanmar: A Brief History 59 3.1.1 Constitutional Democracy, 1948–61 61 3.1.2 Revolutionary Council, 1962–73 65 3.1.3 Burma Socialist Programme Party, 1974–88 66 3.1.4 Under the SLORC and SPDC, 1988–2001 69 3.2 Recent Developments in the Social Sector 76 3.3 Summary 79 4. Myanmar in ASEAN 83 4.1 Why Myanmar Decided to Join ASEAN 84 4.2 How Ready was Myanmar to Join ASEAN? 86 4.3 Myanmar’s Participation in ASEAN 88 5. Myanmar-ASEAN Cooperation for Development 91 5.1 Myanmar-ASEAN Political and Security Cooperation 91 5.2 Myanmar-ASEAN Cooperation for Economic Development 93 5.2.1 Myanmar-ASEAN Economic Relations 93 5.2.2 Myanmar in ASEAN Economic Cooperation Schemes 99 5.3 Myanmar-ASEAN Functional Cooperation 103 5.4 Impact and Implications of Myanmar Joining ASEAN 104 5.4.1 Political Implications of Joining ASEAN 104 5.4.2 Economic Implications of Joining ASEAN 109 5.5 Summary 118 6. Conclusion: Issues and Challenges 121 6.1 Issues and Challenges Relating to ASEAN 121 6.2 Issues and Challenges Relating to Myanmar’s Accession to ASEAN 124 Postscript 127 Bibliography 129 00 Myanmar Prelims 16/12/04, 3:34 PM 8 CONTENTS ix Appendix I: The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration), 8 August 1967 137 Appendix II: Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Declaration (Kuala Lumpur Declaration), 27 November 1971 141 Appendix III: Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, 24 February 1976 144 Appendix III (a): Protocol Amending the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Philippines, 15 December 1987 149 Appendix III (b): Second Protocol Amending the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia 151 Appendix IV Declaration of ASEAN Concord, Indonesia, 24 February 1976 153 Appendix V: Hanoi Plan of Action 158 Appendix VI: ASEAN Vision 2020 180 Appendix VII: Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone 186 Appendix VIII: Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area 197 Appendix VIII (a): Protocol to Amend the Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area 204 Appendix IX: Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation, 28 November 1999 207 Index 211 00 Myanmar Prelims 16/12/04, 3:34 PM 9 ...