Climate Dependence and Food Problems in Russia, 1900-1990: The Interaction of Climate and Agricultural Policy and Their Effect on Food Problems

List of Figures

List of Figures Figure 1.1. Ratio of grain production to demand in the regions of the Russian Federation, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 1.2. Main weather factors affecting agriculture in Russia . . 7 Figure 1.3. Frequency of droughts in the Russian Federation . . . . . 9 Figure 3.1. Estimated grain balance in European Russia, 1900–1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 3.2. Gross grain production and scale of drought in European Russia, 1900–1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 3.3. Area affected by drought in 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 3.4. Cereal yield in 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Figure 3.5. Area affected by drought in 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Figure 3.6. Cereal yield in 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Figure 3.7. Area affected by drought in 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Figure 3.8. Cereal yield in 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Figure 3.9. Cereal yield in 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Figure 4.1. Ratio of prices for agricultural and industrial products, 1922–1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Figure 4.2. Scale of drought and grain production in European Russia, 1916–1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Figure 4.3. Area affected by drought in 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Figure 4.4. Cereal yield in 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Figure 4.5. Area affected by drought in 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 4.6. Cereal yield in 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 4.7. Area affected by drought in 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 4.8. Mortality rates in Saratovskaya province, 1921–1922 . 99 Figure 5.1. Grain production and scale of drought in the USSR, 1928–1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 5.2. Area affected by drought in 1931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure 5.3. Area affected by drought in 1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 List of Figures Figure 6.1. Grain production and estimated basic grain requirements in the RSFSR, 1945–1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Figure 6.2. Grain production and scale of drought in the RSFSR, 1945–1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Figure 6.3. Area affected by drought in 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 7.1. Estimated grain balance of the USSR, 1954–1965 . . . . 177 Figure 7.2. Grain production and scale of drought in the RSFSR, 1954–1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 7.3. Area affected by drought in 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Figure 7.4. Cereal yield in 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Figure 7.5. Area affected by drought in 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Figure 8.1. Estimated grain balance of the RSFSR, 1965–1975 . . . 230 Figure 8.2. Cereal yield and scale of drought in the RSFSR, 1960–1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Figure 8.3. Area affected by drought in 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Figure 8.4. Area affected by drought in 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Figure 9.1. Growth in investment and agricultural output, percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Figure 9.2. Energy expenditure dynamics for grain and sugar beet in Soviet Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Figure 9.3. Balance of feed grain in the USSR, 1976–1990 . . . . . . . . 279 Figure 9.4. Grain production and intensity of drought in the RSFSR, 1976–1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Figure 9.5. Area affected by drought in 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 viii ...