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Index ——————————————————————————————————— abortion (see also contraception), 5, 10, 28, 42 n. 31, 50, 93, 237 agency 68–69, 233 social welfare agency, 212–15, 218, 221, 222 women’s agency, 16, 73, 78, 79, 81, 82n1, 85, 95, 244 birthrate(s) (see also fertility rate), 4, 10, 57, 101, 105–6, 128, 151, 167, 236, 237, 238, 245, 246n7, 276 breadwinner (see also female breadwinner ), 11, 17, 28, 51, 58, 66–67, 75, 100, 123, 125, 236, 278, 291, 297, 298–302 career opportunities, 195, 210, 224 female working career, 91, 100 career-oriented women, 95, 100n2, 146 career break, 194 caregiver, 7, 66, 67, 76, 168, 175, 179, 186, 194, 199, 297, 300, 301 childbearing, 4–6, 15, 102, 147, 149, 151, 154, 155 childbirth, 3–6, 15, 28, 90, 102, 156, 193, 214 childcare norms and practices (see also nursery schools and preschool organizations ),15–16, 74, 76–77, 80, 170, 178, 179, 195–97, 198, 201–2, 238, 287, 298 domestic, 59, 81, 198, 299, 307–8 allowance, 195 in Western Europe, 278 in GDR, 102n9 in Hungary, 66–67, 74, 76–77, 79–81 in Latvia, 133, 134, 135 in Russia,158, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167, 169–170, 172, 174, 178, 179, 180n7, 189–90, 210, 214 subsidy, 66–67 public provision, 1, 9, 12, 50–51, 79, 101, 102n9, 165, 172, 175, 217, 224, 238 private provision (see also nanny), 231 in the Soviet Union, 184, 209, 277 childhood, 67, 105, 130–33, 139, 165, 171, 174, 178, 261, 278 childlessness, 3, 145, 149 childrearing, 6, 15, 90, 99, 289 cohabitation (see also extramarital relations ), 3, 4, 27, 113–14, 202n3, 252, 254, 263–64, 267, 269n3, 275, 281, 287 comrades’ courts, 47, 49, 52, 54–56, 60 collectivization of private farms, 15, 16, 25, 53, 55, 65–70, 73–74, 76, 78, 82, 124, 133, 139n2 communism, 53, 165 anti-communism, 272 building of, 47, 50, 52, contraception (see also abortion), 151, 237 demographic behavior, 3, 5, 6, 25–26 change, 4, 25, 49, 234 policies, 5, 15, 191, 237, 244 problems, 16, 57, 189, 232, 235–26, 245 324 position, 68–70 transition, 3, 150, 152, 189 discrimination, 89, 98, 216, 217, 231, 235 discriminated against, 91 non-discrimination, 222, 224 divorce legislation, 5, 27, 31, 252–55, 259–63, 268 divorce practices, 3, 6, 13, 16, 26, 27, 252, 273–76, 279–280, 282, 286–88, 290–91 in Estonia, 267–68, 274, 281 in GDR/East Germany, 97, 101n7 in Latvia, 263–64, 274, 281 in Lithuania, 285–86 in Russia, 158, 262–63 in the Soviet Union, 27, 30–32, 42n6, 42 n. 13, 57–58, 61, 259–60, 268 divorced men, 30–31, 32, 282–83, 260 divorced women,10, 114, 130, 135, 155, 209, 260, 282, 284–85 divorce statistics, 3, 4, 27, 58, 260, 268, 281, 292n9 extramarital births (see also lone mothers, lone motherhood, single mothers), 3, 25–26, 41n1 extramarital relations (see also cohabitation ), 54, 60, 254 fatherhood, 1, 7, 11, 13, 17, 26–29, 37, 39, 40, 57, 209, 238, 277, 278, 284, 289 female breadwinner, 91, 100 feminism(see also women’s emancipation ), 91–92 feminist, 9, 10, 86, 91, 92, 98–100, 186, 207, 239, 243–44, 273, 292 anti-feminist, 138 fertility, 4, 102, 145, 149, 150–52, 160, 161, 200 crisis, 232, 236, 238, 245 rate(s) (see also birthrates), 3, 15, 105, 150–51, 160, 179n2, 193, 210, 275 intentions, 146, 156, 160, 210 gender equality, 9, 85, 91, 96, 98, 99, 137, 167, 168, 231, 232, 234, 239, 242, 244, 246n2, 246n7, 302, 306 gender roles, 1, 4, 6, 12, 50, 61, 91, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 136–38, 223, 238, 277, 298, 299, 307, 311 generations, 4, 7, 11, 33, 61, 69–70, 76, 80, 85, 91, 102n9, 151, 308 intergenerational relations, 29, 65, 67, 149, 197 grandmothers, 59, 90, 94, 131, 134, 175, 198, 307–9 housewife, 16, 59, 62n3, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94–96, 101n3, 125, 130, 131, 134, 147, 158, 297 housework, 88, 92, 94, 99, 131, 136, 199, 202, 307, 308 individualism, 93 ideology, 10, 48, 50, 79, 96, 160, 187, 193, 221–22, 254, 310 communist/Soviet, 4, 124, 127, 129–130, 138, 298 family, 10, 48, 124, 200 gender, 10, 158 lone motherhood (see also single mothers , extramarital births), 13, 25–26, 34, 39–40, 41n2 lone mothers, 25–27, 29, 31–43 love, 65, 90, 92, 95...

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