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Note on Transliteration As this book refers to materials in many languages (Arabic, Hausa, English and French), I have opted for a simplified method of transliteration. The emphatic letters and the lengthy vowels in Arabic words and names are not indicated. When they are proper nouns, I have kept their usual spelling. In general, I have not put Arabic words into the plural. The names of languages or ethnic groups remain invariable (i.e. the Hausa, the Fulani, the ac jami writings). ...

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