REVERSING FIELD: EXAMINING COMMERCIALIZATION, LABOR, GENDER, AND RACE IN 21ST CENTURY SPORTS LAW

Contents

Contents Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Describing Racism as Asymmetrical Market Imperfections, or How to Determine Whether the NBA Dress Code is Racist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Andre L. Smith Athletes as Television Celebrities: Why We Watch; How They Benefit; Must They Be Responsible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Sherri Burr Part II: Labor: How the Athlete Changes the Economic Playing Field Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Anne Marie Lofaso A. Balls or Strikes: Are Economic Weapons Finding the Zone? Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Jeffrey M. Hirsch The 1994–’95 Baseball Strike and National Labor Relations Board: To the Precipice and Back Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 William B. Gould IV 1994 Baseball Players’ Strike: A Case Study in Labor’s Use of its Most Effective Economic Weapon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Dennis P. Walsh The State of Sports Law and Policy: Views from a Labor Law Professor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 William B. Gould IV B. False/Positives: Debating the Merits of Drug Testing Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Anne Marie Lofaso The Temptation of Performance-Enhancing Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 andré douglas pond cummings Performance-Enhancing Drugs and How They Affect Today’s Athlete: Views from a Medical Doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Julian Bailes From Barry Bonds to USADA: Protecting the Interests of “Drug-Free” Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Timothy Davis Challenging the Premise of Steroid Testing in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Wm. David Cornwell, Sr. Part III: Finding Equal Footing: Gender Issues in Sports Overview: Progress Riddled with Disappointment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Anne Marie Lofaso The Invisible Pregnant Athlete and the Promise of Title IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Deborah L. Brake Title IX Backlash and Intercollegiate Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Barbara Osborne Reflections of a Former Athlete as a Young Woman: Growing Up Under Title IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Anne Marie Lofaso Girls Can Play, Too: Has the Lack of Female Leadership in NCAA Athletics Become an Afterthought? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Bethany Swaton Part IV: Race Issues in Sports Overview: A Troubling History but a Bright Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 andré douglas pond cummings Race in Sports: The Continuing Dilemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Leonard J. Elmore A. Racing From the Past: Exposing Racism in Today’s Collegiate Athletics Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 andré douglas pond cummings The Legacy of Brown: Commodification of the African American Student-Athlete? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Dana D. Brooks and Ronald Althouse Using Social Psychology to Evaluate Race and Law in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Michael A. McCann From the Inside Looking Out: Racism in Men’s Collegiate Coaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Marlon LeBlanc Progress Realized? The Continuing American Indian Mascot Quandary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 andré douglas pond cummings B. Professional Equality: The Rooney Rule Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Todd J. Clark Minorities Are Separate and Unequal: A Look at the Minority Hiring Practices in Collegiate and Professional Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Floyd Keith The Changing Landscape of African Americans in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Kenneth L. Shropshire The Critical Role of the Fritz Pollard Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Cyrus Mehri The Fritz Pollard Alliance, the Rooney Rule, and the Quest to “Level the Playing Field” in the National Football League . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 N. Jeremi Duru Pushing Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 andré douglas pond cummings ...