343 Index abdominal cavity, 185 abdominal stove, 180, 183, 186-7 abrasive spawning, 83-4 abscission layer, 167-8; premature, 211 absentee landowners, 159, 230-1, 159-60 acid: deposition, 231-5, 240; rain, 96, 99, 229,232-3, 235-6; rain, in Europe, 236; shock, 234-5 acorn, 37, 143-9; dispersal, 146; germination, 146; yields, 144 adaptation, 2-3, 14, 28, 35, 54, 75, 83-5, 106, 122, 129, 131, 136, 145, 156, 165, 167, 180, 182, 186-7, 192, 200-1 adaptive radiation, 26, 117 adaptively neutral trait, 165-6, 192 Adirondacks, 233 Admiralty Island, 29 adrenal glands, of birds, 173 aerobic metabolism, 184-5 aggressive behavior, 75-6, 97, 1035 , 110, 174, 176, 195, 200 Africa, 10-11, 46, 48, 51-2, 152 African Americans, 160 Alabama, 9, 24 alarm call, of birds, 172-7; false ventriloquism, 172 alarm pheromone, of tadpoles, 121 alarm substance, emitted by fish, 83-6 alarm system, of fish, 83 Alaska, 26, 47, 152 alder, 41 algae, 20-1, 96 alligator, 46 Allegheny Mountains, 235 allopatric speciation, 25, 28, 31 Alps, 10, 12 altruism, 90, 93, 172 aluminum, 234 amphibians, response to acid shock, 234-5 amphipod, 98 anadromy, of brook char, 98 anaerobic metabolism, 184-5 anchor ice, 97 Andes, 10, 12 ant, 104 anther, 53, 60 anthocyanin, 166-7 antifreeze, in tissues, 183, 187 antiherbivore defenses, 208 antiherbivory compounds, 210 antimonotony hypothesis, 200 antipredator adaptation, 207 antipredator behavior, 85, 121 antiquity, of Appalachia, 1, 12, 26 aphid, 211 Appalachee Indians, 151 Appalachian Mountains, defini- 344 tion of, 7; naming of, 151 Appalachian Plateau, 7, 10 apple, 205, 237 Araceae, 59 Arkansas, 13 arthropods, 67, 69, 71 arum, 59 asexual reproduction, 52, 59 ash, 19, 34, 238 Asheville, N.C., 11, 152 Asia, 26, 45, 48 Asians, 152 aspen, 210; bigtooth, 34; quaking, 29, 34 Australia, 210 autumn, 1-2, 60, 81, 128, 134, 147, 165-8, 185-6, 202 auxin, 167 azalea, 41 Bach, 203 backyard biology, 2 balds, 41-3, 156; alder, 41; grass, 41-2; heath, 41-3; meadow, 41 Balsam Mountains, N.C., 110 banjo, 157 barrens, 41 basswood, 19, 34, 237 bats, 186 bear, 187, 220, 224 Beau Geste hypothesis, 199 beech, 34, 42, 148, 210, 237; American, 18-19, 237 beetles, ground, 239; larvae, 147 Beringia, 26, 46, 152 Big Run, W.Va., 95 biological diversity, 12, 26, 33, 368 , 218, 226 biosphere reserves, 225; buffer zone, 225; core zone, 225 birch, 13, 209; gray, 29; paper, 34; white, 208-9; yellow, 18 bird nests, 222 birds, 25-6, 33, 36, 82-3, 115-17, 225-6, 239 birdsong, 195-203; dialect, 200-1; interference, 198; refraction, 197; repertoire, 198; reverberation , 197; ventriloquism, 197; volume, 197 bison, 43 blackbird, 199 bloodroot, 156, 190, 192, 239 bloom sequence, 191 blueberry, 41 Blue Ridge, 41, 99, 110-12, 151, 153, 155, 161 Blue Ridge Parkway, 52 Boone, Daniel, 155 boreal forest, 13, 29-30, 34-6, 52, 103, 109 borer, two-lined chestnut, 237 Borland, Hal, 183 brain disease, 202 Brevard Zone, 10 bristle, 60, 143 Britain, 157, 236 Brooks, Maurice, 3 buckeye, 42; yellow, 30, 34 buds, tree as a population of, 211 buffering capacity, 233 bullfrog, 122 bull-tongue, 156 bunchberry, 29 bunting, indigo, 200-1 burn, 19, 35-7, 41-2 bushmaster, 136 butterfly: monarch, 211; mourning cloak, 183; tiger swallowtail, 1 Hollows, Peepers, and Highlanders [44.204.65.189] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 13:29 GMT) 345 Index butternut, 148 calcium oxalate, 60 Camels Hump, Vt., 233 camouflage, 52, 82-3, 139, 197 Canada, 28, 34, 98, 174, 232 canary, 202 cannibalism, 85, 91, 121-2 canopy, 19-20,33-4, 36-9, 59, 64, 145, 190, 192, 195, 233, 236, 238 canopy gap, 18, 33, 37, 39, 127, 156 carbon dioxide, 102, 232, 239 carbonic acid, 232 Carboniferous, 11 cardinal, 171, 225 Carolinas, 46 carotene, 165 carrot, 212 catastrophes, 18, 219, 234 caterpillar, eastern tent, 182, 205-12; exploratory trail, 206; hatching, 205; recruitment trail, 206; tent structure, 206 catfishes, 12, 30, 83, 218 cats, 236; feral, 222-230 cattle, 42-3 caudal luring, 137 cavity nester, 197, 222 cedar, 22, 237 cells, 21, 83, 166-7, 179, 202, 208, 211 central Appalachia, 4, 7, 17, 34, 41, 155, 183, 222, 226, 234 char, brook, 98 cheetahs, genetic uniformity of, 219 chemical gradient, 138 chemical signals, 105, 206 chemical signature, of polluting aerosols, 202 Cherokee Indians, 41, 151-2, 155 cherry, 205-6; black, 34, 37...