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Figures 1.1 The Scorpion macehead; Oxford, Ashmolean Museum E.3632 36 1.2 The Narmer macehead; Ashmolean E. 3631 36 1.3 The Narmer palette; Cairo J.E. 14716, C.G. 32169 37 1.4 Narmer’s label from Abydos 38 1.5 Narmer’s ivory cylinder seal from Hierakonpolis 42 1.6 Reconstruction of Min colossi 47 4.1 Ceremonial palette; Oxford, Ashmolean E.3924 123 4.2 Development of semiophores 124 4.3 Development of semiophores in the 4th millennium 125 4.4 Davis comb (MMA 30.8.224); rows of animals = iconographic list 126 4.5 Knife-handle from Abu-Zeidan; Brooklyn Museum 09.889.118 127 4.6 Pitt-Rivers knife-handle; British Museum EA 68512 129 4.7 Jackal-human hybrid playing the flute, detail of ceremonial palette; Ashmolean E.3924 130 4.8 Kokopelli (hunchbacked flute-player); Southwestern Puebloan rock art 130 4.9 “Marvels of the East”, detail of ceremonial palette; Ashmolean E.3924 131 4.10 Giraffe, detail of ceremonial palette; Ashmolean E.3924 132 4.11 Distribution of animals on ceremonial palette; Ashmolean E.3924 134 4.12 Knife-handle from Gebel el-Tarif 136 4.13 Reading the Davis comb; MMA 30.8.224 136 4.14 Detail of ostrich on the ceremonial palette; Oxford, Ashmolean E.3924 140 4.15 Detail of ibis on the ceremonial palette; Louvre E 11052 140 4.16 Pictorial “text” on a cylinder seal impression from Uruk; iconic narrative of offering 141 viii Figures 4.17 Cylinder seal from Uruk; symmetrical composition in boustrophedon 142 4.18 Cultic vessel from Uruk; Baghdad Museum 19606 143 4.19 Cultic vessel from Maikop culture; Hermitage Museum 144 6.1 Map of Egypt and the Western Desert 186 6.2 Map of Egypt in the 3rd millennium BC 191 6.3 Provincial administration in 19 Upper Egyptian nomes 197 8.1 Volume of the Old Kingdom pyramids 263 8.2 Comparison of the built area of individual funerary temples of the Old Kingdom kings and the areas of the storerooms within them 265 12.1 The Eastern Desert 361 12.2 Greywacke quarries in the Wadi Hammamat 362 12.3 One of many representations in the Wadi of the resident deities. Pharaoh makes offerings to Min 364 13.1 Ashurnasirpal II flanked by bird-headed apkallus, Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Nimrud; British Museum, ANE 124584-5 384 13.2 Babylonian Map of the World, probably from Sippar, ca. 700–500 BCE; British Museum, ANE 92687 386 13.3 Detail of marine scene with transport of wood showing a winged human-headed bull (lamassu), Palace of Sargon II in Khorsabad; Paris, Louvre 399 13.4 Detail of marine scene with transport of wood showing a winged bull (Bull of Heaven?), Palace of Sargon II in Khorsabad; Paris, Louvre 399 13.5 Relief decorations in the Botanical Room of the Festival Hall (Akhmenu) of Thutmose III, Temple of Amun, Karnak, Thebes, Egypt 402 13.6 Drawing of the ivory pyxis found in Assur Tomb 45 404 13.7 The Assyrian “sacred tree” flanked by two bird-headed apkallus, Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Nimrud; British Museum, ANE 124583. 405 13.8 One side of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III found at Nimrud; British Museum, ANE 118885 406 13.9 Detail of Figure 8 407 Figures ix 13.10 Detail of one side of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III; British Museum, ANE 118885 408 13.11 Detail of Figure 10 409 13.12 One side of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III; British Museum, ANE 118885 410 13.13 Detail of Figure 12 411 13.14 One side of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III; British Museum, ANE 118885 412 13.15 Relief panel showing royal gardens, North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh; British Museum, ANE 124939 414 13.16 Detail of the “Garden Scene” of Ashurbanipal showing the king banqueting with his queen, North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh; British Museum, ANE 124920 415 This page intentionally left blank ...

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