Brazil at the Dawn of the Eighteenth Century

Notes

211 notes Introduction 1. This is suggested by Andrée Mansuy Diniz Silva in Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva, ed., Diciónario da História da Colonização Portuguesa no Brasil (Lisboa: Verbo, 1994), p. 55. 2. Translated and edited by Andrée Mansuy Diniz Silva, published in Paris by the Institut des Hautes Études de l’Amerique Latine. 3. Manual Bibliográfico de Estudos Brasileiros, Rubens Borba de Moraes and William Berrien, eds. (Rio de Janeiro: Gráfica Editora Souza, 1949), p. 401. 4. See 3rd ed. (Atlanta, GA: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), pp. 376–82. 5. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), pp. 55–60. 6. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), pp. 89–92. 7. Dauril Alden, Charles R. Boxer: An Uncommon Life (Lisboa: Fundação Oriente , 2001). 8. The following were instrumental in my work of understanding and translating the original: A digital copy of the first edition, available from the website of the Biblioteca Nacional de Brasil. The 1982 critical edition of the text edited by Fernando Sales, especially his vocabulary of archaic terms used in the text. H. Brunswick, ed., Diccionario da Antiga Linguágem Portugueza (Lisboa: Lusitania Editora, 1910). Francisco da Silveira Bueno, ed., Dicionário Escolar da Lingua Portuguesa. 10 ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Educação e Cultura, 1976). Humberto Leitão and José Vicente Lopes, eds., Dicionário da Linguagem de Marinha Antiga e Actual (Lisboa: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos , 1963). Antônio Houaiss and Catherine B. Avery, eds., The New Appleton Dic­ tionary of the English and Portuguese Languages (New York: AppletonCentury -Crofts, 1967). H. Michaelis, A New Dictionary of the Portuguese and English Languages (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1932). The website brasiliana.usp.br/dicionario, which allows access to three invaluable historical dictionaries: Raphael Bluteau, Vocabulario Portuguez & Latino (Coimbra: 1712–28); Antonio Moraes e Silva, Diccionario da lingua 212 Notes to Pages xx–16 portugueza, 2nd ed. (Lisbon: 1813); and Luiz Maria da Silva Pinto, Dic­ cionario da Lingua Brasileira (Ouro Preto, 1832). The French edition, translated by Andrée Mansuy. For the sections on sugar: Stuart Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Forma­ tion of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1985); and Nelson Barbalho, Dicionário de Açúcar (Recife : Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, 1984). For the tobacco section: Timothy Breen, Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985); J. R. Amaral Lapa, “Un Agricultor Ilustrado do Século XVIII,” in Economia Colonial (São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1973), pp. 141–230; and The South Carolina State Tobacco Museum in Mullins, South Carolina, and its curator, Mr. Reginold Mcdaniel. For the gold mining chapters: Waldemar de Almeida Barbosa, Dicionário Histórico-Geográfico de Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte: Saterb, 1968); and Maria Chaves de Mello, Dicionário Jurídico Português-Inglês, InglêsPortugu ês: Portuguese-English, English-Portuguese Law Dictionary (Rio de Janeiro: Barrister’s Editora, 1984). Brazil at the Dawn of the Eighteenth Century To the gentlemen planters 1. José de Anchieta (1534–97) was a Spanish Jesuit and one of the early Jesuit missionaries and authors in sixteenth-century Brazil. The First Part: The Agricultural Wealth of Brazil in the Cultivation of Sugar Preamble 1. The author here is noting the similarity and wordplay between the terms for “mill” (engenho) and “ingenious” (engenhoso). 2. Smaller mills, not powered by water. Book One 1. Called “captive” cane, this is cane from lands leased to tenants with this provision. 2. Banqueiros and assistant banqueiros are sugar masters in training. 3. Peças: slaves. 4. Cassava or manioc is a root vegetable similar to a potato that was a staple food for slaves. 5. A quintal (approximately 128 pounds) is an archaic measurement of four arrobas (approximately 32 pounds each). 213 Notes to Pages 16–44 6. A cruzado is a gold or silver coin, worth 400 réis (old cruzado) or 480 réis (new cruzado). 7. Saloens is red soil good for growing some food crops but not good for sugarcane . Massapé is good, rich earth suitable for growing sugarcane. It holds moisture and is normally black. Areiscas is sandy soil mixed with saloens. What this passage says, in effect, is that an inexperienced planter will purchase secondquality soil (saloens) thinking it is best (massapé), and third-quality soil (arescias) thinking it...