In this Book

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First published in 1711, Brazil at the Dawn of the Eighteenth Century describes the four major economic activities of the Brazilian colony. Half the book is devoted to the sugar industry and the social world of those who grew the sugarcane. Other sections give a detailed view of the tobacco industry. Further, this work describes where and how gold was extracted, the new and old routes connecting Minas Gerais with the coast, and the rough-and-tumble world of the miners. Antonil concludes with discussion of the economic importance of cattle, and information on Brazilian exports and taxes. No other work provides this level of eyewitness detail.

Table of Contents

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  1. Cover
  2. p. 1
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  1. Title Page, Copyright
  2. pp. 2-5
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  1. contents
  2. pp. v-x
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  1. Preface
  2. pp. xi-xiv
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  1. introduction
  2. pp. xv-xxii
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  1. Brazil at the Dawn of the Eighteenth Century
  2. pp. 1-6
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  1. The First Part
  1. Preamble
  2. pp. 9-14
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  1. Book One
  2. pp. 15-38
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  1. Chapter I: The Resources a Royal Sugar Mill Owner Should Possess
  2. pp. 15-18
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  1. Chapter II: How the Sugar Planter Should Act in the Purchase, Upkeep, and Leasing of His Lands
  2. pp. 19-21
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  1. Chapter III: How the Planter Should Deal with Tenants and His Other Neighbors and They with Him
  2. pp. 22-24
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  1. Chapter IV: How the Planter Should Behave in Choosing the Hands and Skilled Workers He Engages, Beginning with the Choice of Chaplain
  2. pp. 25-28
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  1. Chapter V: The Head Overseer and the Subordinate Overseers Who Preside in the Milling, the Estate, and the Cane Fields; Their Duties and Salaries
  2. pp. 29-32
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  1. Chapter VI: The Sugar Master, the Assistant Master or Banqueiro, and the Assistant Banqueiro
  2. pp. 33-35
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  1. Chapter VII: The Sugar Refiner
  2. pp. 36-60
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  1. Chapter VIII: The Bookkeeper on the Plantation
  2. pp. 37-38
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  1. Chapter IX: How the Planter Should Treat His Slaves
  2. pp. 39-44
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  1. Chapter X: How the Planter Should Act in Directing His Family and Ordinary Household Expenses
  2. pp. 45-46
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  1. Chapter XI: How the Planter Should Receive Guests, Whether Religious or Laymen
  2. pp. 47-48
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  1. Book Two
  2. pp. 53-77
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  1. Chapter I: The Choice of Land on Which to Plant the Cane, and for Supplying Provisions Needed for the Mill
  2. pp. 53-54
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  1. Chapter II: Planting and Weeding Canes, and the Different Kinds of Them
  2. pp. 55-57
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  1. Chapter III: Enemies of the Cane in the Field
  2. pp. 58-59
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  1. Chapter IV: Cutting the Cane and Carrying It to the Mill
  2. pp. 60-62
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  1. Chapter V: The Mill, the Building Housing It, and How Water Powers It
  2. pp. 63-69
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  1. Chapter VI: How the Cane Is Milled and the Number of People Required to Mill It
  2. pp. 70-72
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  1. Chapter VIII: Furnaces, Their Equipment, the Required Firewood, and the Ash Used for Leaching
  2. pp. 76-79
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  1. Chapter IX: The Cauldrons and Copper Vessels, Their Organization, the Skilled Workers and Others Required, and the Tools They Use
  2. pp. 80-83
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  1. Chapter X: Cleaning and Purifying the Caldo from the Cane in the Cauldrons and the Filtering Kettle until It Reaches the Boiling Pans
  2. pp. 84-86
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  1. Chapter XI: How Melado Is Cooked and Whisked in the Boiling Pans
  2. pp. 87-88
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  1. Chapter XII: The Three Temperings of Melado and Its Correct Distribution in the Molds
  2. pp. 89-92
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  1. Book Three
  2. pp. 93-118
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  1. Chapter I: Regarding the Molds for Sugar and Their Movement from the Cooling Shed to the Refinery
  2. pp. 93-94
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  1. Chapter II: Refining the Sugar in Its Molds
  2. pp. 95-96
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  1. Chapter III: The People Required to Refine, Separate, Dry, and Crate the Sugar; the Tools Needed to Do This
  2. pp. 97-98
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  1. Chapter IV: The Clay Used for the Sugar Molds; What Type It Should Be, How It Should Be Kneaded, and If It Is Wise to Have a Pottery Workshop on the Plantation
  2. pp. 99-100
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  1. Chapter V: How Sugar Is Refined in the Molds and How It Is Treated in the Refinery
  2. pp. 101-103
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  1. Chapter VI: How Sugar Is Removed from the Molds, Separated, and Dried
  2. pp. 104-106
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  1. Chapter VII: Weighing, Distributing, and Crating the Sugar
  2. pp. 107-108
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  1. Chapter VIII: Various Types of Sugar Crated Separately, the Marks on the Crates, and Their Transport to the Warehouse
  2. pp. 109-111
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  1. Chapter IX: The Past and Present Prices of Sugar
  2. pp. 112-113
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  1. Chapter X: The Number of Crates of Sugar Normally Produced Each Year in Brazil
  2. pp. 114-140
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  1. Chapter XI: The Cost of a Crate of Sugar of Thirty-Five Arrobas Cleared through the Customs House in Lisbon, and the Value of All Sugar Produced in Brazil Each Year
  2. pp. 115-117
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  1. Chapter XII: The Suffering of Sugar from the Time It Is Born in the Field until It Leaves Brazil
  2. pp. 118-120
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  1. The Second Part
  1. Chapter I: How Tobacco Was Developed in Brazil and What Esteem It Has Attained
  2. pp. 123-124
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  1. Chapter II: The Labor of Tobacco, How It Is Seeded, Transplanted, and Weeded, and When to Plant It
  2. pp. 125-126
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  1. Chapter III: How the Tobacco Leaves Are Picked and Cured and How These Are Treated and Made into Coils
  2. pp. 127-128
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  1. Chapter IV: How Tobacco Is Cured after Making Coils
  2. pp. 129-155
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  1. Chapter V: How Tobacco Is Rolled and Encased in Leather and Those Engaged in This Entire Process from Planting until Rolling
  2. pp. 130-131
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  1. Chapter VI: The Second and Third Collections of Tobacco Leaves and Their Diverse Qualities for Chewing, Smoking, or Grinding
  2. pp. 132-158
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  1. Chapter VII: How Tobacco Is Ground, Sifted, Powdered, and Perfumed
  2. pp. 133-159
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  1. Chapter VIII: The Moderate Use of Tobacco for Health and the Great Injury Done to the Health However It Is Used
  2. pp. 134-135
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  1. Chapter IX: How Tobacco Is Cleared through the Customs House of Bahia
  2. pp. 136-162
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  1. Chapter X: The Cost of One Roll of Tobacco of Eight Arrobas, Sent from Bahia to the Customs House in Lisbon, with Duties Paid, Ready to Ship
  2. pp. 137-163
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  1. Chapter XI: The High Regard in Which Brazilian Tobacco Is Held in Europe and Other Parts of the World, and the Great Tax Revenues It Provides the Royal Treasury
  2. pp. 138-139
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  1. Chapter XII: The Penalties for Trafficking in Tobacco Not Cleared through Customs and Methods Used to Avoid Taxation
  2. pp. 140-142
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  1. The Third Part: The Development and Wealth of Brazil by Gold Mining
  1. Chapter I: The Gold Mines Discovered in Brazil
  2. pp. 145-146
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  1. Chapter II: The Gold Mines Called “General” and Who Discovered Them
  2. pp. 147-148
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  1. Chapter III: The Other Gold Mines along the Rio das Velhas and in Caeté
  2. pp. 149-175
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  1. Chapter IV: The Yield from the Creeks and the Different Qualities of Gold Extracted from Them
  2. pp. 150-151
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  1. Chapter V: The People in the Mines and Who Mine Gold in the Streams
  2. pp. 152-153
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  1. Chapter VI: The Rights or Shares of the Mines
  2. pp. 154-180
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  1. Chapter VII: The Great Availability of Equipment and Daily Necessities in the Mines and the Indifference about Their Extraordinarily High Prices
  2. pp. 155-157
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  1. Chapter VIII: The Different Prices for Gold Sold in Brazil and the Amounts of Gold Annually Extracted from the Mines
  2. pp. 158-160
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  1. Chapter IX: The Obligation to Pay the King, Our Lord, One-Fifth of the Gold Extracted from the Mines in Brazil
  2. pp. 161-171
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  1. Chapter X: The Route from the Town of São Paulo to the General Mines and to the Rio das Velhas
  2. pp. 172-175
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  1. Chapter XI: The Old Route from the City of Rio de Janeiro to the General Mines of Cataguás and the Rio das Velhas
  2. pp. 176-202
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  1. Chapter XII: The New Route from the City of Rio de Janeiro to the Mines
  2. pp. 177-180
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  1. Chapter XIII: The Route from the City of Bahia to the Mines of the Rio das Velhas
  2. pp. 181-182
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  1. Chapter XIV How Gold Is Extracted from the Mines and Creeks in Brazil, as Observed by Someone Traveling with Governor Artur de Sá
  2. pp. 183-212
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  1. Chapter XV How to Recognize Silver Mines
  2. pp. 187-188
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  1. Chapter XVI How to Recognize Silver and Purify Metals
  2. pp. 189-191
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  1. Chapter XVII: The Damage Done to Brazil by Greed Following the Discovery of Gold in Mines
  2. pp. 192-194
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  1. The Fourth Part The Development and Wealth of Brazil by the Abundance of Cattle, Leatherworking, and Other Royal Contracts Remaining in This Colony
  2. pp. 195-222
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  1. Chapter I: The Great Expanses of Land for Pastures in Brazil, Filled with Cattle
  2. pp. 197-201
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  1. Chapter III: Transporting Herds from the Interior, the Normal Prices for Cattle for Slaughter and Cattle for Farmers
  2. pp. 204-205
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  1. Chapter IV: The Cost of One Hide of Leather and Half a Hide, Treated and Exported from Brazil, Placed in the Lisbon Customs House
  2. pp. 206-232
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  1. Chapter V: Summary of Everything Normally Exported Annually from Brazil to Portugal and Its Value
  2. pp. 207-208
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  1. The Last Chapter How It Is Only Just that Brazil Is Favored Because of Its Value to the Kingdom of Portugal
  2. pp. 209-210
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  1. Notes
  2. pp. 211-218
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  1. Glossary
  2. pp. 219-220
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  1. index
  2. pp. 221-228
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  1. Production Notes
  2. pp. 229-252
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