Surviving Incarceration: Inside Canadian Prisons

Notes

NOTES Notes to Introduction 1 The Safe Streets and Communities Act, or Bill C-10, is also known in parliament as “An Act to enact the Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act and to amend the State Immunity Act, the Criminal Code, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, the Youth Criminal Justice Act, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act and other Acts” (Safe Streets and Communities Act, 2012). 2 See Chapter One for a discussion of differences in federal verses provincial prisons and the prisoner and institution classification system. 3 The Northwest Territories Department of Justice put forth the publication Technical Report: Analysis of Federal Bill C-10, Safe Streets and Communities Act: Impact on the NWT Department of Justice that discusses in details the proposed effects of the act on diverse populations, including young offenders and staff working with these youths. 4 For more information on such trends in the United States see http://cjcj.org/ resource/center/publications. Notes to Chapter One 1 The average daily prisoner cost includes institutional operating cost, but excludes capital expenditures and expenditures related to CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within penitentiaries ) (see http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/corcan/002005-0004-eng.shtml; http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/QFR/2012-2013/3-eng.shtml). 2 The respondents were either paroled after serving one-third of their sentence or allowed back into the community for reintegration on statutory release after serving two-thirds of their total sentence. 3 The subjective and personal judgments of an offender’s risk by correctional staff could lead to prisoners being overclassified to more costly secure facilities (Austin, 1983; Buchanan et al., 1986). 213 214 N O T E S 4 Forty-five interviewees served time at one of these institutions. 5 Regarding medium-security prisons, former prisoners described different experiences depending on the institution in which they were housed (e.g., being in a high-medium- versus low-medium-security facility). 6 Thirty-one interviewees served time in a medium-security facility. 7 Twenty interviewees served time in a maximum-security facility outside of reception. 8 Given potential literacy challenges and the importance of participant confidentiality and anonymity, a consent agreement was explained and read to each interviewee. Research ethics approval was also obtained, and participant confidentiality and anonymity were protected, as such participants were informed that, given the procedures in place to ensure anonymity, their data, once transcribed, could not be removed from the study. Notes to Chapter Two 1 This chapter draws from two previously published papers (Ricciardelli, 2013; Sit & Ricciardelli, 2013). 2 These findings are consistent with prior research, such as the classic works of John Irwin and Gresham Sykes. 3 As men became increasingly socialized by prison culture they, in many ways, developed tendencies that further removed them from successfully reintegrating into society. Notes to Chapter Three 1 For a more extensive discussion on both the lack of safety prisoners experience and the prisoner’s code of conduct that serves to mitigate these feeling of being unsafe, please see Chapter Five. 2 Note (as discussed in Chapter Six) that parolees did not feel safe in prison or view prison as a safe environment despite the level of security of the institution or ratio of remunerative to coercive controls. Notes to Chapter Four 1 Sykes has never claimed that most prisoners adhered to the code. 2 This chapter builds on and presents findings from a paper published in the Journal of Crime and Justice, (Ricciardelli, 2012) available online at http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0735648X.2012.746012#preview. 3 For example, Sykes was clear that his findings should not be generalized outside of the New Jersey prison that he studied. 4 Critics have argued that the deprivation model ignored the effect of social factors (e.g., race, socio-economic status) and gangs on prisoner behaviour (Jacobs, 1977). 5 This model prisoner, referred to as inmate in literature in earlier decades, includes what Goffman later developed into the concept of impression management and presentation of self. N O T E S 215 6 Sykes did note the link between institutional violence and prison behaviour , although not within the context of risk as used in theory today, in his famous writings, including The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison published in 1971. 7 The dependable...