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665 Index absolute veto, 256 accountability, 491 Adams, John, 293 Addison, Joseph, 365n Admiralty Board (U.S.), 58–59 Admiralty Courts (England), 373n, 385, 386, 452, 502 Admiralty Courts (France), 276 admiralty law, 369, 379 agriculture, 410 Aix la Chapelle Treaty (1748), 559 Alexander I (Tsar of Russia), 612n, 628, 632 Alleghany River, 410 ambassadors, 217, 218 ambition and love of wealth, 359 amendments to Constitution: Fourth Amendment, 514; Seventh Amendment , 510n; Eleventh Amendment, 311n; provision for, 220 Amphictyonic Council (Greece), 331 Answer to War in Disguise, 369–404, 423 appellate jurisdiction, 218, 316–17 arbitrators, 272 Arianism, 289n aristocracy, 563 Armstrong, John, 429, 430n, 503 army: congressional powers to raise and support, 213; in French Constitution, 274; monetary requirements of, 54, 82; need for, 20; President as Commander in Chief, 217; tax revenues to support, 158, 228, 305 Arnold, Benedict, 90n, 464, 464n Articles of Confederation, 148 Assignats, 262, 262n Assize Courts (France), 281, 282 Athanasius, 289, 289n attainder, 214 Attawa River, 410 Attwater, Reuben, 523 Auditor (Treasury Department), 70 Augustus, 663 Aurora on Louisiana Purchase article, 339, 339n Bacon, Francis, 194n Bahamas, British forces in, 101 Baltimore, pro-war mob in, 548, 548n Bankers Notes or Bills, 75, 591, 656 Bank of England, 111, 201 Bank of North America: Gouverneur Morris on abolition of, 183–205; influence of, 201; objections against, 186– 205; political pressure on, 202, 202n bankruptcy: congressional powers to regulate, 213; national, 498 Banning, Lance, 505n Barère de Vienzac, Bertrand, 372, 372n Barnard, Philip, 424n Battle of Oriskany, 561n Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 473–83, 473n Berkeley, George, 427, 427n Berkenhout, John, 92, 92n Berlin Decree (1806), 423, 436n, 487, 487n, 502 Bermuda, British forces in, 102 Bernstein, Peter L., 528n, 532n biblical references, 114, 508, 508n, 512n, 547, 571n, 612, 644–47 Bill of Rights (Britain), 288 bills of attainder, 214 Bills of Credit, 149, 151, 153, 186, 199–200 666 indEx Bills of Exchange, 55, 75, 106, 134 Biron, Charles de Gontaut, duc de, 648n Blackstone, 374 Bleeker, Hermanus, 519n, 661n blockades, 369, 380, 503n boundaries: and British Treaty, 442, 443; Spain’s concerns over, 84 Bourbon dynasty, 608, 633. See also specific kings Braddock, Edward, 296 Brandolini, Aurelio, 293, 294n Breckenridge, John, 304, 304n Breda Treaty (1667), 557 Britain. See England British Treaty (1807), 423–72 Brown, Charles Brockden, 423, 424n bullion: as currency, 105, 106; exports of, 192, 197–98; and foreign debt, 172. See also gold; silver Burgoyne, John, 33, 41, 42n, 46, 48, 49n, 97, 97n Burr, Aaron, 353, 495 Byron, Admiral, 99 Calder v. Bull (1798), 310n Canada: British forces in, 100; and British Treaty, 436; and Erie Canal, 527; smuggling from, 514–15, 514n, 515n; trade with, 417, 450; treaties with, 18; and War of 1812, 544, 606 Canning, George, 487, 488, 490, 492 capitation tax, 56 Caraccioli, Francesco, 406n Carlisle, Earl of: public letters to, 26–44; and Saratoga Convention, 49n Carlisle Commissioners, 95; public letters to, 25–51 Cassation Tribunal (France), 257 Caswell, Richard, 478 Catharine the Great, 395 Catholic Church, 239 cattle: exports to West Indies, 182; military acquisition of, 61; taxes on, 156, 162, 635–40 Chamber of Claims (Treasury Department ), 70–71 Chamber of Debts (Treasury Department ), 71 Champagny, Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de, 503 Charles I (king of England), 556, 556n, 557n Charles II (king of England), 493, 543, 555, 556n Charles V (king of Spain), 395 Charles XII (king of Sweden), 650n Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837), 310n Chartres, Francis, 119 Chastellux, Marquis de, 177–78, 178n checks and balances, 322, 493–94 Chesapeake (ship), 426n, 500, 500n Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), 311n Cicero, 370, 370n circuit courts, 306, 318, 320 citizenship rights, 279. See also naturalization Civil Constitution of the Clergy (France), 239, 243n civil liberty, 11, 554 civil rights, 270 Clark, David Lee, 424n climate: in America, 408–11; of Florida, 99; of West Indies, 99 Clinton, DeWitt, 505, 519 Clinton, George, 495 Clinton, Henry, 37, 99; public letters to, 26–33, 45–51 Cloathier Generals Department (War Board), 65 Coleman, William, 336, 353, 481n Columbia University, 354, 365 commerce: and Bank of North America, 195; congressional powers to regulate , 213, 505; and foreign debt, 173; in French Constitution, 276; and independence , 16, 18, 22; and land investments, 413; and naval forces, 583–84; and neutral ships, 369–404; and price regulations , 140, 167n; regulation of, 213, 505; and society, 10–11. See also trade Commercial Board, organization of, 59 [3.15.147...

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