169 Notes Introduction 1. See, for example, David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York: Knopf, 1989), and Cultures of Print (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996); Roger Chartier, The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); Richard Brodhead, Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). 2. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), 94–136. 3. Peter Burke, What Is Cultural History? (Cambridge: Polity, 2008), 51, 59–64. 1. The Genteel Tradition at Large This essay was first published in Raritan 25.3 (Winter 2006) and appears by permission of Raritan. 1. Malcolm Cowley, ed., After the Genteel Tradition: American Writers, 1910–1930 (1937; repr., Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964), 3–20. Cowley recognized this institutional dimension more fully in his 1964 revision of the book’s foreword than he had in the original edition. 2. Ibid., 7, 11. 3. David D. Hall illuminated the various understandings of the phrase “genteel tradition” in “Toward the History of a Term: The ‘Genteel Tradition’ and Its Uses,” paper delivered at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, Los Angeles , 2001. 4. Ibid., 3–5, 14. 5. John Henry Raleigh, Matthew Arnold and American Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957), 151–53; Joan Shelley Rubin, Constance Rourke and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 42–50. 6. Malcolm Cowley, The Literary Situation (New York: Viking, 1954), 110; Edwin H. Cady, The Gentleman in America: A Literary Study in American Culture (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1949), 25. 170 Notes to Pages 13–19 7. Vincent B. Leitch, American Literary Criticism from the Thirties to the Eighties (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); Grant Webster, The Republic of Letters: A History of Postwar Literary Opinion (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), esp. 226–27; Irving Howe, “This Age of Conformity,” Partisan Review 21.1 (1954): 7–33; Cleanth Brooks, “The State of Criticism: A Sampling,” Sewanee Review 65 (1957): 485–86; Richard Chase, “The Fate of the Avant-Garde,” Partisan Review 24.3 (1957): 363–75; Alfred Kazin, “Whatever Happened to Criticism?” Commentary, February 1970, 58–63. 8. Henry Seidel Canby, American Memoir (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), 275, 276, 287. 9. On Ciardi’s life, see Edward M. Cifelli, John Ciardi: A Biography (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997). 10. John Ciardi, “A Close Look at The Unicorn,” reprinted in Dialogue with an Audience (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1963), 74; hereafter cited as Dialogue. 11. Ciardi, “A Close look at The Unicorn,” 74–79. 12. Norman Cousins, “John Ciardi and the Readers,” reprinted in Dialogue, 84. 13. Ciardi, “A Close Look at The Unicorn,” 79. 14. “Letters to the Editor,” reprinted in Dialogue, 82. 15. Ibid., 84. 16. Ibid., 83, 87. 17. Richard H. Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 147. 18. John Ciardi, “The Reviewer’s Duty to Damn,” reprinted in Dialogue, 90–92. 19. John Ciardi, “The Morality of Poetry: Epilogue to an Avalanche,” reprinted in Dialogue, 113. 20. Cousins, “John Ciardi and the Readers,” 85–86. For a full account of Cousins’s views on poetry in SR, see Norman A. Cousins, Present Tense: An American Editor’s Odyssey (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 50–55. 21. “Letters to the Editor,” 116. 22. “Letters to the Editor: J. Donald Adams,” reprinted in Dialogue, 119. 23. Lord Dunsany, “The Poets Fail in Their Duty,” reprinted in Dialogue, 130. 24. Ciardi, “The Reviewer’s Duty,” 92–94. 25. Ibid., 92. 26. David D. Hall, “The Victorian Connection,” in Victorian America, ed. Daniel Walker Howe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), 81–94; Daniel Borus, Writing Realism: Howells, James, and Norris in the Mass Market (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 61, 89–90; Charles Eliot Norton, “Notices of Gillett’s Huss,” North American Review, July 1864, 270; James Turner, The Liberal Education of Charles Eliot Norton (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 194–222. 27. John Ciardi to Norman Cousins, February 16, 1957, in The Selected Letters of John Ciardi, ed. Edward M. Cifelli (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991), 152; David D. Hall, “The ‘Higher Journalism’ and the Politics of Culture in MidNineteenth -Century America...