Out of the Attic: Inventing Antiques in Twentieth-Century New England

Notes

< 215 Notes < IntroductIon 1. Betty c. Monkman, The White House: Its Historic Furnishings and First Families (new York: Abbeville Press, 2000), 186–91, 204–6. See also “Americanizing the White House,” New York Times, 3 July 1925; H. I. Brock, “White House Arouses an Art debate,” New York Times, 12 July 1925; H. I. Brock, “the Hunt for the old Widens,” New York Times, 20 September 1925. 2. Monkman, White House, 206–8. 3. on Eleanor roosevelt’s interest in Lincoln’s bed see Monkman, White House, 187. 4. “Americanizing the White House.” 5. “ArtoftheAmericanHomeinnewWingofMuseum,”NewYorkTimes,3August1924. See also “open American Wing at Museum of Art,” New York Times, 11 november 1924; “Mrs. coolidge Shops for Ideas on Art,” New York Times, 20 november 1925. 6. “A Household of continuance” New York Times, 10 november 1924. 7. Luke Vincent Lockwood, The Pendleton Collection (Providence: rhode Island School of design, 1904). 8. one of the best sources for charting the history of antique collecting, and a valued precedent for this study, is Elizabeth Stillinger’s pioneering work The Antiquers (new York: random House, 1980); for the history of these early museum displays, see chaps. 10, 19, and 23. See also Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (new York: Knopf, 1991), 343–50. 216 = 9. carol duncan, “Art Museums and the ritual of citizenship,” in Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display, ed. Ivan Karp and Steven d. Lavine (Washington, d.c.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 95. 10. I borrow the concept of “invention” from Eric Hobsbawm and terence ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition, rev. ed. (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 1992). other works important to my understanding of the production of collective memory include Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory (new York: Harper and row, 1980); Michel-rolph trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Pierre nora, Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, 3 vols. (new York: columbia university Press, 1996); david Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 1986); Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory; david Glassberg, “Public History and the Study of Memory,” Public Historian 18, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 7–23; david thelen, ed., Memory and Collective Remembering (Bloomington: Indiana university Press,1990);GeorgeLipsitz,TimePassages:CollectiveMemoryandAmericanPopular Culture (Minneapolis: university of Minnesota Press, 1990); John r. Gillis, ed., Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton: Princeton university Press, 1994); John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton university Press, 1992); James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England: Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory (new York: oxford university Press, 1995); david thelen and roy rosenzweig, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (new York: columbia university Press, 1998); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991). 11. Stephen J. Summerhill and John Alexander Williams, Sinking Columbus: Contested History, Cultural Politics, and Mythmaking during the Quincentenary (Gainesville: university Press of Florida, 2000); claudia L. Bushman, America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero (Hanover, n.H.: university Press of new England, 1992). 12. on Americans’ ignorance of their nation’s history, see Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past (Philadelphia: temple university Press, 2001), vii–viii. 13. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, chap. 1. For additional scholarship on the colonial revival, see Alan Axelrod, ed., The Colonial Revival (new York: W. W. norton for the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1985); Geoffrey L. rossano, ed., Creating a Dignified Past: Museums in the Colonial Revival (Savage, Md.: rowman and Littlefield in association with Historic cherry Hill, 1991); Sarah L. Giffen and Kevin d. Murphy, eds., A Noble and Dignified Stream (York, Maine: old York Historical Society, 1992); Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England; Marla r. Miller and Anne digan Lanning, “‘common Parlors’: Women and the recreation of community Identity in deerfield, Massachusetts, 1870– 1920,” Gender and History 6, no. 3 (1994): 435–55; William H. truettner and Notes to Pages 4 –5 < 217 roger Stein, eds., Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory (new Haven: Yale university Press for the national Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1999); christopher P. Monkhouse and thomas S. Michie, American Furniture in Pendleton House (Providence: Museum of Art, rhode Island School of design, 1986); christopher Monkhouse, “the Spinning Wheel as Artifact, Symbol, and Source of design,” in Victorian Furniture: Essays from a Victorian Society Autumn Symposium, ed. Kenneth Ames (Philadelphia: Victorian Society in America, 1983), 155–71; rodris roth, “the colonial revival and ‘centennial Furniture,’” Art Quarterly 27, no. 1 (1964): 57–81; William rhoads, Colonial Revival (new York: Garland Press, 1977); thomas denenberg, Wallace Nutting and the Invention of Old America (new Haven: Yale university Press, 2003); Karal Ann Marling, George Washington Slept Here (cambridge: Harvard university Press, 1988); richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring, and Kenny Marotta, eds., Re-creating the American Past: Essays on the Colonial Revival (charlottesville: university of Virginia Press, 2006). 14. I use the phrase “aesthetic antique” to refer to historic household furnishings valued for their artistic qualities, rather than assigning such objects to the “decorative arts.” the “decorative arts” label is widely used by museum scholars to refer to ornamental and functional works in ceramic, wood, glass, metal, or textile, and was intended to distinguish such works from the traditional fine arts of painting, sculpture, drawing, and photography. the term is problematic for this study, however, because it is tied to the field of art history, a discipline more concerned with aesthetic judgments and explorations than with the contextual nature of historical inquiry. As Kenneth Ames has argued, much of the scholarship that has come out of the decorative arts field is itself oriented toward the questions and concerns of collectors. My choice of terms is therefore a deliberate decision to distance this study from that field and place it within the context of historical scholarship. on the development of the decorative arts as a scholarly field, see Kenneth L. Ames, “American decorative Arts / Household Furnishings,” American Quarterly 35, no. 3 (1983): 280–303; Michael J. Ettema, “History, nostalgia, and American Furniture,” Winterthur Portfolio 17, no. 1 (1982): 135–44. 15. on the need for an American culture to match the nation’s increasing military and political power, see Emily S. rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (new York: Hill and Wang, 1982). 16. In thinking about collectibles as consumer goods, I am indebted to russell Belk, Collecting in a Consumer Society (London: routledge, 1995); Arjun Appadurai, The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 1986); Grant Mccracken, Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities (Bloomington: Indiana university Press, 1988). 17. William Leach, LandofDesire (new York: Pantheon, 1993), 13. My understanding of the history of consumption in the early twentieth century is also influenced by Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance (new York: Basic Books, 1994); roland Notes to Pages 6 –7 218 = Marchand, Advertising the American Dream (Berkeley: university of california Press, 1985); Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed (new York: Pantheon, 1989); charles McGovern, Sold America (chapel Hill: university of north carolina Press, 2006); James d. norris, Advertising and the Transformation of American Society (new York: Greenwood Press, 1990); Simon J. Bronner, ed., Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880–1920 (new York: W. W. norton for the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1989). 18. t. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 (new York: Pantheon, 1981), 14. 19. Stow quoted in Antiques Dealer 4, no. 1 (January 1952): 5. For a similar condemnation of post-1825 furniture, see Wallace nutting, “Poverty of Invention in design,” in Furniture Treasury (new York: Macmillan, 1948–1949). 20. Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, 217–28. 21. In the mid-1920s, Jordan Marsh regularly advertised its “Little colonial House” in the magazine Antiques. For examples of these advertisements, see “through this door to Yesterday,” Antiques, April 1926, inside back cover; “In the Pine room of our Little colonial House,” Antiques, February 1925, inside back cover. on Altman’s, see Louise Shepard, “Half an Acre of Early American in B. Altman’s country Shop,” Antiques Dealer, June 1951, 21 and 36. For an example of a Lord and taylor advertisement, see “opening the new Floor of Antiques, reproductions, decoration,” Antiques, november 1926, 335. on the link between museums and department stores, see Leach, Land of Desire, 164–73; neil Harris, Cultural Excursion: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America (chicago: chicago university Press, 1990), 56–81. 22. Leslie Gross, Housewives’ Guide to Antiques (new York: Exposition Press, 1959), 15. 23. robert Lacey recounts the history of new York’s elite auction houses, including the growth of American Art Association and Anderson Galleries (which merged in 1929), the dominance of the Parke-Bernet auction house in the 1930s, and Parke-Bernet’s fall to London’s Sotheby’s in the 1960s. See robert Lacey, Sotheby’s: Bidding for Class (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 125–43. 24. Peter G. Buckley, “the old curiosity Shop and the new Antique Store: A note on the Vanishing curio in new York city,” Common-place 4, no. 2 (January 2004), www.common-place.org/vol-04/no-02/buckley/ (accessed 5 January 2009). 25. richard Henry Saunders, “American decorative Arts collecting in new England, 1840–1920” (master’s thesis, university of delaware, 1973), 25. A version of Saunders’s thesis has been published as “collecting American decorative Arts in new England, 1793–1876” part 1, The Magazine Antiques, May 1976, 996–1003; part 2, october 1976, 754–63. 26. the Association of Antique dealers was formed in Boston in 1922. See “An Association of Antique dealers,” Antiques, June 1922, 249. In 1951 Antiques Dealer, a magazine aimed at the antique retail trade, reported that 20.6% of its surveyed readers belonged to a dealer association. See “Practices and Policies of dealers in Antiques,” Antiques Dealer, december 1951, 8. Notes to Pages 7– 9 < 219 27. Stillinger, Antiquers, chaps. 2, 3, and 4. 28. Steven M. Gelber, Hobbies: Leisure and Culture of Work in America (new York: columbia university Press, 1999). 29. Henry Wood Erving to Harry Watson, 18 July 1919, and unsigned letter to Francis H. Bigelow, 30 January 1911, both in the Joseph downs collection, Winterthur Library, Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, del. (hereafter cited as downs collection, Winterthur). 30. nina Fletcher Little, Little by Little (new York: dutton, 1991), 26, 29–30. Many of these groups continue to operate and can be found on the web: the Pewter club, members.aol.com/pewterpcca/; the Early American Industries Association, www .eaiainfo.org/; the rushlight club, www.rushlight.org/; the national Early American Glass club (now the national American Glass club), www.glassclub.org/. 31. Edward L. Ayres et al., All Over the Map: Rethinking American Regions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins university Press, 1996); dona Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century (Washington, d.c.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995); dona Brown, A Tourist’s New England: Travel Fiction, 1820–1920 (Hanover, n.H.: university Press of new England, 1999); Patricia nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (new York: W. W. norton, 1988); Patricia nelson Limerick, Desert Passages: Encounters with the American Desert (niwot: university Press of colorado, 1989); Joseph conforti, Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (chapel Hill: university of north carolina Press, 2001). 32. For an overview, see david H. Watters, introduction to the section “Images and Ideas” in The New Encyclopedia of New England, ed. Burt Feintuch & david H. Watters (new Haven: Yale university Press, 2005) 724–25. 33. Examples of studies that examine the construction of new England identity largely from an internal perspective include conforti, Imagining New England; truettner and Stein, Picturing Old New England; Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England. Works that examine how new England’s history and landscape have been bought and sold do more to consider how new England’s identity has been disseminated. See, for example, denenberg, Wallace Nutting; Brown, Inventing New England. 01.0PrIcELESS And PrIcE 01.0o. c. Hill, “Inventory,” 1 February 1902, and “Antique Furniture on Hand,” June 22, 1909, both in o. c. Hill collection, downs collection, Winterthur. 02.0Hill, “Antique Furniture on Hand.” 03.0While accounts of the centennial attribute the cradle to Peregrine White, images of the new England Kitchen published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated, 10 June 1876, and Philip Sandhurst et al., The Great Centennial Exhibition (Philadelphia: P. W. Zeigler, 1876), 542, cast doubt on this attribution. the cradle depicted in both Frank Leslie’s Illustrated and The Great Centennial Exhibition bears no resemblance to the Peregrine White cradle that is currently housed in the collections of the Notes to Pages 10 –20 220 = Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It is made of wicker, while the one depicted in the two publications is clearly constructed of solid boards. In his Illustrated History of the Centennial Exhibition (cincinnati: Jones Brothers, 1876), James Mccabe refers to the cradle as the “Fuller cradle, in which rocked little Peregrine White” (723), and the cradle pictured in both Frank Leslie’s Illustrated and The Great Centennial Exhibition does more closely resemble a cradle that descended in the family of Samuel Fuller that is also today in the collections of Pilgrim Hall Museum. Such discrepancies suggest that while the organizers of the new England Kitchen valued historic associations, they might not have always gotten them right. 04.0contemporary descriptions of the new England Kitchen include Mccabe, Illustrated History of the Centennial Exhibition, 722–23; J. S. Ingram, The Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated (Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers, 1876), 706–8; Sandhurst et al., The Great Centennial Exhibition, 542; Frank Leslie, Frank Leslie’s Historical Register of the United States Centennial Exposition (new York: Frank Leslie’s Publishing House, 1877), 87. on the colonial revival at the Philadelphia centennial, see rodris roth, “the new England, or ‘olde tyme,’ Kitchen Exhibit at nineteenth-century Fairs,” in The Colonial Revival, ed. Alan Axelrod (new York: W. W. norton for the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1985), 159–83. My understanding of the use of antiques at the centennial’s kitchen exhibit is also influenced by Laurel thatcher ulrich, “Fiction in the Kitchen, 1876” (paper presented at the symposium “reckoning with Wallace nutting,” Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, conn., 14 June 2003). 05.0robert Emlen, “colonial relics, nativism, and the dAr Loan Exhibition of 1892,” in New England Collectors and Collections (Annual Proceedings of the dublin Seminar for new England Folklife), ed. Peter Benes (Boston: Boston university, 2004), 171, 176–82, quote on 182. 06.0Fred Bishop tuck, Antiqueman’s Diary: The Memoirs of Fred Bishop, ed. dean A. Fales Jr. (Gardiner, Maine: tilbury House, 2000), v, viii. 07.0Ibid., 36, 33–34, 16–17. donation parties were an annual ritual in which a congregation supplemented its minister’s income by providing him and his family with gifts of farm produce, wood, and other household goods. 08.0Ibid., 58, 39. 09.0Ibid., 122. 10.0norman Isham to Henry Kent, 2 december 1934, Walpole Society collection, downs collection, Winterthur. 11.0Elizabeth Stillinger’s The Antiquers contains biographies of important collectors; for a discussion of Bigelow’s activities as a silver dealer, see 144–46. 12.0William Hosley, “Hartford’s role in the origins of Antiques collecting in America,” in Benes, New England Collectors and Collections, 113–14. 13. Stillinger, Antiquers, 113–21. Also useful for its description of some of the earlier and lesser-known collectors of American antiques is Saunders, “American decorative Arts collecting.” Notes to Pages 20 –24 < 221 14. on the history of the Walpole Society see A Collection of Collectors: Celebrating Seventy-five Years of the Walpole Society (Lunenburg, Vt.: Meriden-Stinehour Press, 1985). 15. Irving Whitall Lyon, The Colonial Furniture of New England: A Study of the Domestic Furniture in Use in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1891). 16. Irving Whitall Lyon, The Colonial Furniture of New England: A Study of the Domestic Furniture in Use in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1924 ed.), with an introduction by dean A. Fales Jr. (new York: dutton, 1977), xxiv. 17. Luke Vincent Lockwood, Colonial Furniture in America (new York: charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901), 24, 37. 18. Luke Vincent Lockwood, Colonial Furniture in America, rev. ed. (new York: charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 41–42. 19. dean A. Fales Jr. points out Lyon’s misspelling and lack of regard for Hepplewhite furniture in his introduction to Lyon, Colonial Furniture of New England, xviii. 20. Israel Sack, “the reminiscences of Mr. Israel Sack,” interview by owen Bombard, 11 February 1953, transcript, oral History collection, Henry Ford Museum, dearborn, Mich., 30. 21. Isabel Erskine Brewster, Recollections (concord, n.H.: rumford Press, 1934), 260. 22. Maurice c. rider, “Why We Buy and Love Antiques,” Antiquarian, october 1926, 26. 23. “carolyn coleman duke collection,” Antiquarian, december 1923, 6. 24. See du Pont’s day books for 5 January 1929 (for the bottle) and 3 May 1926 (for the plate); the day books are available at the Winterthur Archives, Winterthur Library. 25. Israel Sack, “Pie crust Saga,” Antiques Dealer, February 1951. 26. Advertisement, “turkey Hills Antique Shop,” Antiques, July 1925, 25. 27. Huldah Wellington Spaulding, IntimateIncidentsofanAntiqueShop (n.p.: Published by the Author, 1932), 29–33. 28. Bondome [Homer Eaton Keyes], “Shop talk,” The Magazine Antiques, August 1930; and “Shop talk,” February 1930. 29. George thomas Kurian, ed., Datapedia of the United States (Lanham, Md.: Bernan Press, 2004), 121. 30. Bondome [Keyes], “Shop talk,” August 1930. 31. Whitlock’s Book Store, Inc., inventory lists, 10 october 1929, and 24 February 1930, Edgar Mead collection, downs collection, Winterthur. 32. Beginning in January 1928 the title on the cover changed to The Magazine Antiques; it changed back to Antiques from August 1952 to February 1971, after which it again became The Magazine Antiques. throughout the text I generally refer to it as Antiques, but because the two titles often have separate catalog entries and some libraries shelve them apart, in the notes I give the title as it appeared at the time of the cited article. Notes to Pages 24 – 30 222 = 33. Bondome [Keyes], “Shop talk,” February 1930. 34. richard Huntley, “An Antiques Primer,” American Collector, April 1939, 13. 35. Wallace nutting, “that an Antique Is Valuable Merely Because of Its Age,” undated manuscript, Local History collection, Framingham Public Library, Framingham, Mass. 36. Bondome [Keyes], “Shop talk,” February 1930. 37. Sack, “reminiscences,” 29–30. 38. Bondome [Homer Eaton Keyes], “Shop talk,” The Magazine Antiques, december 1929. 39. Bondome [Keyes], “Shop talk,” February 1930. 40. For examples of exploratory research on early American furniture makers, see Walter A. dyer, “John Goddard and His Block-Fronts,” Antiques, May 1922; Bondome [Homer Eaton Keyes], “the Home Market,” Antiques, February 1923. 41. Louis Guerineau Myers, “duncan Phyfe,” in Girl Scouts of America Loan Exhibition of Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Furniture and Glass (new York: Printed by Lent and Graff co., 1929), unpaged. 42. Ginsburg & Levy, Inc., Sales Books 1911–1919. Ginsburg & Levy, Inc., collection, downs collection, Winterthur. 43. Bondome [Homer Eaton Keyes], “Shop talk,” The Magazine Antiques, november 1928. 44. Addresses on the Occasion of the Opening of the American Wing (new York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1925), 3. 45. royal cortissoz, “the Field of Art,” Scribner’s Magazine, January 1925. 46. carol duncan, “Art Museums and the ritual of citizenship,” in Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display, ed. Ivan Karp and Steven d. Lavine (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990), 97–99. 47. “the Antiquarian Meanders,” Antiquarian, June 1926, 16. 48. Kenneth L. roberts, Antiquamania (Garden city: doubleday, doran, 1928), 51–52. 49. Homer Eaton Keyes, “Questions of Price,” Antiques, March 1922, 104. 50. Phoebe Phillips Prime Scrapbooks and card File, 1917–1960, downs collection, Winterthur. 51. charles over cornelius, “the Museum and the collector,” Antiques, January 1922, 35–36. 52. Wilton Lackaye, “How not to Buy Your Antiques,” American Collector, January 1937, 1. 53. Advertisement, “twenty-Five Years Ago . . . ,” Antiques, June 1927, inside front cover. 54. Harold Sack and Max Wilk, American Treasure Hunt (new York: Ballantine, 1986), 23. 55. Walter dyer, The Lure of the Antique (new York: century, 1910), 483. 56. Ibid., 5. 57. caroline Woolsey Ferriday, “A Self-guided tour of the Bellamy-Ferriday House,” Bellamy-Ferriday collection, Archives of connecticut Landmarks, Hartford. Notes to Pages 30 – 41 < 223 58. dyer, Lure of the Antique, 13. 59. Alice Van Leer carrick, Collector’s Luck (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1919), 158–59. 60. Albert Sack, interview by author, 15 April 2004, Philadelphia. 61. c. r. clifford, The Junk Snupper (new York: Macmillan, 1927), 89; Spaulding, Intimate Incidents, 120–21. 62. Spaulding, Intimate Incidents, 118. 63. “Fake Lowestoft,” Time, 3 november 1930, 63–64. 64. dyer, Lure of the Antique, 474–75; Sack, “reminiscences,” 17. 65. dyer, Lure of the Antique, 476–80. 66. clifford, Junk Snupper, 101. 67. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 29; dyer, Lure of the Antique, 480. 68. Felice davis, “chats with dealers,” Antiquarian, February 1926, 19. 69. nutting, “that an Antique Is Valuable.” 70. Henry Wood Erving to norman Isham, 10 August 1934, Walpole Society Papers, downs collection, Winterthur; on Hosmer’s collecting habits, see also Henry Wood Erving to Harry Watson, 13 november 1918, in the same collection ; William Hosley, “Hartford’s role in the origins of Antiques collecting in America,” in Benes, New England Collectors and Collections, 113. 71. record book for 1915 of Ernest c. Molinder, Edgar Mead Papers, downs collection , Winterthur. 72. roth, “colonial revival and ‘centennial Furniture’”; Monkhouse, “Spinning Wheel as Artifact.” 73. tuck, Antiqueman’s Diary, 82. 74. Sack, “reminiscences,” 37; Henry Francis du Pont to Israel Sack, 15 August 1954, duPontPapers,Antiquedealercorrespondence,WinterthurArchives,Winterthur Library (hereafter cited as du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence). 75. Sack, “reminiscences,” 38. 76. Grant Mccracken discusses the importance of patina in seventeenth-century Europe in affirming status and acknowledges that twentieth-century American antique markets transformed patina’s status symbolism by making it available for purchase. See Mccracken, Culture and Consumption, 31–43. 77. denenberg, Wallace Nutting, 133. 78. Harold Margolis, the son of antique dealer and reproduction furniture craftsman nathan Margolis, experienced this problem when he tried to mass-market reproduction furniture. See Harold d. Margolis to J. Mason read, 28 July 1966, and [Harold d. Margolis] to Pat, 27 February [no year], both in the Harold d. Margolis collection, downs collection, Winterthur. 79. denenberg, Wallace Nutting, 127, 139. 80. “reproductions Should reproduce,” Antiques, April 1926, 219–20. 81. tuck, Antiqueman’s Diary, 43. 82. “A rare Southern table,” Antiques, July 1925, 12. 83. on the history of historic preservation in charleston, see robert r. Weyeneth, Notes to Pages 41–50 224 = Historic Preservation for a Living City (columbia: university of South carolina Press, 2000). on charleston’s antique industry, see Jonathan daniels, A Southern Discovers the South (new York: Macmillan, 1938), 327–28. 84. W. Fitzhugh Brundage, The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory (cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard university Press, 2005), 203–5. 85. Joseph downs’s comments are related by Frank Horton in Penelope niven, “Frank L. Horton and the roads to Mesda,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 27, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 59. 86. Ibid. 87. on the history of Antiques, see Wendell Garrett and Allison Eckardt Ledes, “Seventyfive Years of Antiques, 1922–1997,” The Magazine Antiques, January 1997, 178–83. 88. “A criticism Foreseen and Accepted,” Antiques, January 1922, 9. 89. Advertisement, “throughout the country those Who Buy Antiques read Antiques,” Antiques, August 1926, 91. 90. Sack’s changing address and changing advertising methods can be traced in the following advertisements: “A Block Front chest of drawers . . . ,” Antiques, January 1926, inside front cover; “Philadelphia chippendale chair . . . ,” The Magazine Antiques, January 1928, inside front cover. 91. untitled editorial column, Antiques Dealer, June 1951, 5. 92. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 347. 93. Paula deitz, “uncertain Future for 1754 Mansion,” New York Times, 2 September 1982; rita reif, “treasures of Lindens,” New York Times, 14 January 1983; Jeanne Schinto, “Israel Sack and the Lost traders of Lowell Street,” Maine Antiques Digest, April 2007, c33, maineantiquedigest.com/articles_archive/articles/apr07/ sack0407.htm; Albert M. Sack, “Letter to the Editor,” Maine Antiques Digest, May 2007, A4 (not available online). 94. these are the categories Albert Sack made famous in his Fine Points of Furniture: Early American (new York: crown Publishers, 1950). 02. tHE JEWISH dEALEr 01. Sack, “reminiscences,” 1–7. 02. Boston Directory Supplement and Business Directory (Boston: Sampson & Murdock, 1904); Boston Business Directory (Boston: Sampson & Murdock, 1918); Boston Business Directory (Boston: Sampson & Murdock, 1924). 03. Boston Business Directory, 1918 and 1924; Bureau of the census, Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920 (Washington, d.c.: national Archives and records Administration, 1920); Bureau of the census, Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930 (Washington, d.c.: national Archives and records Administration, 1930); Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 40–42. 04. r. P. Way, Antique Dealer (new York: Macmillan, 1956), 86; dyer, Lure of the Antique, 483; obituary, “Benjamin Ginsburg, 89, dealer in Antique American Furniture,” New York Times, 2 February 1994. Notes to Pages 50 –58 < 225 05. Frank Lawton, “the day of the dealer,” Antiquarian, May 1926, 24. 06. roger daniels, Coming to America (new York: Harper Perennial, 1991), 225. 07. ronald takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), 298–300. 08. Andrew Heinze, Adapting to Abundance (new York: columbia university Press, 1990), 196–98. 09. “Antique dealers only Seem crazy,” American Collector, october 1936, 6. 10. on the Jewish “back to the land” movement in connecticut, see Janice P. cunningham and david F . ransom, Back to the Land: Jewish Farms and Resorts in Connecticut, 1890–1945 (Hartford: connecticut Historical commission / Jewish Historical Society of Greater Hartford, 1998); richard Moss, “Jewish Farmers, Ethnic Identity, and Institutional Americanization in turn-of-the-century connecticut,” Connecticut History 45, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 31–55. 11. obituary, “nathan Liverant dies at Age 83,” Hartford Courant, 12 April 1973; c. H. Bailey, “colchester Jews . . . notes on Interview with Zeke Liverant,” 10 February 1986, oral History collection, Jewish Historical Society of Greater Hartford; Arthur Liverant, interview by author, 15 August 2007, colchester, conn. 12. Arthur Liverant, interview by author. 13. Advertisement, “Auction,” Hartford Courant, 29 April 1930. See also “Auction . . . oct. 16, 1930,” broadside, private collection of Arthur Liverant, colchester, conn. 14. Liverant, interview by author. 15. Jessie Barker Gardner, “Experiences in Lowboys,” and “Bungling in chippendale Mahogany Armchairs,” Barker-Gardner Family Papers, university Archives, Brown university Library. 16. dyer, Lure of the Antique, 14. 17. the problem of dealers in the Walpole Society came to a head in 1919 when one of the group’s founding members started selling antiques. See, for example, Henry Wood Erving to Harry Watson, 18 July 1919, Walpole Society Papers, downs collection, Winterthur. on dealers’ exclusion from other clubs, see “Ye notice Board . . . ,” American Collector, 9 January 1934, 2. 18. Jeanne Schinto has found that in the 1903 city directory Stephenson’s address was listed as 73A Brimmer Street, also near Beacon Hill. It is not clear if Sack ever worked in the Brimmer Street location, since he arrived, according to his oral history, in october 1903, and Stephenson’s listing in the 1904 city directory shows that he was by then established on charles Street. 19. Sack, “reminiscences,” 17. 20. For tracking Sack’s earliest business locations, and for her willingness to share her research, I am indebted to Jeanne Schinto. Her research is published in “Israel Sack and the Lost traders of Lowell Street.” 21. Jonathan d. Sarna and Ellen Smith, eds., The Jews of Boston: Essays on the Occasion of the Centenary of the Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston (Boston: combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, 1995), 5–8. Notes to Pages 59 – 66 226 = 22. Sack, “reminiscences,” 15. 23. Bureau of the census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910 (Washington, d.c.: national Archives and records Administration, 1910). 24. Sack, “reminiscences,” 23. 25. See, for example, Albert Sack, Fine Points of Furniture: Early American, with a foreword by Israel Sack (new York: crown Publishers, 1950), vii. 26. See text by Albert Sack, Israel Sack: A Record of Service, 1903–1953 (new York: Israel Sack, Inc., 1953), 23. this pamphlet is available in the Winterthur Museum rare Book collection. 27. Israel Sack to Henry Francis du Pont, 4 January 1950, du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 28. Stanley Stone to Albert Sack, 17 August 1953, reproduced in Albert Sack, Israel Sack: A Record of Service. 29. Albert Sack, interview by author. 30. Henry Francis du Pont to Israel Sack, 15 January 1929, du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 31. “List of objects sold to Mr. H. F . du Pont by Israel Sack,” 4 January 1928, du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 32. American Collector, 20 February 1934, 8; denenberg, Wallace Nutting, 114. 33. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 63. 34. obituary, “Geo. S. Palmer dies at 78 in Florida Home,” Hartford Courant, 25 January 1934. 35. Stillinger, Antiquers, 184. 36. Henry Wood Erving to Harry Watson, 13 november 1918, Walpole collection, downs collection, Winterthur; Malcolm Vaughan, “Adventures of George Palmer, connecticut Antique Pioneer,” Hartford Courant, 21 october 1928. 37. “connecticut Pioneer Found Many Fine Museum Pieces,” Hartford Courant, 14 october 1928. 38. Vaughan, “Adventures of George Palmer.” 39. “new Wing of Boston Museum Will Be opened this Month,” Hartford Courant, 11 november 1928. 40. Edward crowninshield to Harry Francis du Pont, 5 May 1928, du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 41. Albert Sack, interview by author; Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 84–85. 42. Advertisement, Antiques, July 1925, inside front cover. 43. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 22–23. 44. Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, 6. 45. undated brochure published by the editors of Antiques, New Thoughts on Advertising Old Things, available in the Edgar Mead collection, downs collection, Winterthur. 46. Sack’s son Albert believed his father was at least largely responsible for authoring the advertisement’s content; Albert Sack, interview by author. Susan Strasser discusses the transition from text-based to pictorial advertisements in Satisfaction Guaranteed. Notes to Pages 66 –71 < 227 47. untitled advertisements printed in Antiques, April 1923, december 1922, and August 1922, all inside front cover. 48. Advertisement, “Safeguarding Your Investment in Antiques,” Antiques, June 1922, inside front cover. 49. untitled advertisement, Antiques, February 1925, inside front cover. 50. Advertisement, “Buy From Your Ancestors: Sell to Prosperity,” Antiques, december 1922, inside front cover. 51. untitled advertisement, The Magazine Antiques, January 1928, inside front cover. 52. Editors of Antiques, New Thoughts on Advertising Old Things. 53. Bondome [Homer Eaton Keyes], “Shop talk,” The Magazine Antiques, november 1928, 554. 54. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 90. 55. Israel Sack to Henry Francis du Pont, 24 december 1929, du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 56. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 77–78. 57. Harold recounts this chapter in the family’s history in Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, chaps. 6–7. 58. “A collector’s Portrait,” American Collector, 25 July 1935, 5, 13. 59. Lawton, “day of the dealer,” 24. 60. nutting, “that an Antique Is Valuable.” 61. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 53. 62. “Funeral of Eli Jacobs, an Auto Victim, today,” Boston Daily Globe, 3 June 1919; “Alpert and rosenthal Were Brothers-in-Law,” Boston Daily Globe, 2 June 1923. 63. robert Wallace, “Zeke the Seeker,” Life, 27 July 1953, 94. 64. Liverant, interview by author. Zeke Liverant purchased both the chair and the account book from Miss Haley. He sold the journal to Albert Sack, who then sold it to the Winterthur Museum. the chair was sold to a private collector, but today is in the collection of Zeke’s son, Arthur Liverant, who has offered to sell it to the Winterthur Museum. the account book is currently located in the John Gaines Papers, downs collection, Winterthur. 65. Sack and Wilk, American Treasure Hunt, 44–45. 66. Boston Business Directory, 1924. 67. Albert Sack, interview by author; Liverant, interview by author. 68. clifford, Junk Snupper, 151; thomas rohan, Confessions of a Dealer (new York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1925), 34–36. 69. Wallace, “Zeke the Seeker,” 102. 70. Edwin Valentine Mitchell, The Romance of New England Antiques (new York: current Books, 1950), 33–34. 71. Mary d. Brine, Grandma’s Attic Treasures: A Story of Old-time Memories, 2nd ed. (new York: dutton, 1886). 72. dyer, Lure of the Antique, 13. 73. Wallace, “Zeke the Seeker,” 94. 74. “traveling About,” American Collector, September 1938, 11. “Yankee” dealer J. A. Notes to Pages 72– 8 0 228 = Lloyd Hyde also pursued American antiques, chinese export porcelain, and antique chandeliers abroad, traveling to such places as Barbados, china, Hong Kong, India, Egypt, turkey, South Africa, Portugal, and England. In the mid1970s , Hyde was working on a book about his antiquing adventures, to be titled “After the Antique: An Autobiographical Essay on collecting.” the manuscript is available in the J. A. Lloyd Hyde Papers, downs collection, Winterthur. 75. “remarksMadebyMr.IsraelSack,Aug.14th1941,”Antiquedealercorrespondence, Winterthur Archives, Winterthur Library. on the history of the construction of individual period rooms in the Winterthur Museums see John A. H. Sweeney, “the Evolution of Winterthur rooms,” Winterthur Portfolio 1, no. 1 (1964): 106–20. 76. Sack to du Pont, 24 december 1929. 77. Mechanization in the American furniture industry was a slow and uneven process that spanned the adoption of water-, steam-, and later electric-powered machinery and mass production techniques. While the producers of inexpensive furniture began employing powered machinery and mass production techniques as early as the 1850s, handcraft work persisted in the high-end market, as it does today. See Michael J. Ettema, “technological Innovation and design Economics in Furniture Manufacture,” Winterthur Portfolio 16, no. 2/3 (1981): 197–223. 78. Jewish immigrant woodworkers were also important contributors to the carousel industry, carving elaborate horses and exotic animals. See Murray Zimiles, Gilded Lions and Jeweled Horses: The Synagogue to the Carousel (Hanover, n.H.: university Press of new England, 2007). 79. Sack, “reminiscences,” 21. 80. Schinto, “Israel Sack and the Lost traders of Lowell Street.” See also Albert Sack’s comments on Schinto’s research, Sack, “Letter to the Editor.” 81. Morris Silverman, Hartford Jews, 1659–1970 (Hartford: connecticut Historical Society, 1970), 289. 82. Harold d. Margolis, interview by John rockmore, 13 december 1978, transcript, and Harold d. Margolis, “Lecture at reading, PA Museum, 11-15-78,” both in Margolis collection, Jewish Historical Society of Greater Hartford. 83. “desks and Highboys Are Favored at Sale,” New York Times, 11 April 1926. 84. Advertisement, “Exhibition open to-day . . . ,” New York Times, 15 April 1923. 85. Margolis, interview by rockmore, 10. 86. Stillinger, Antiquers, 236. 87. “the Status of reproductions,” Antiques, April 1926, 219. 88. on the history of colonial revival furniture, see Monkhouse, “Spinning Wheel as Artifact”; roth, “colonial revival and ‘centennial Furniture’”; rhoads, Colonial Revival; denenberg, Wallace Nutting; Marling, George Washington Slept Here. on adapting historic furniture patterns for modern use, see H. P. Hodgman to Philip Walker, 15 February 1967; Harold d. Margolis to colin c. carpi, 20 September 1969; david J. Brunn to Harold d. Margolis, 4 August 1966; all Harold d. Margolis collection, downs collection, Winterthur. on Wallace nutting’s furniture line, see Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 343. Notes to Pages 81– 86 < 229 89. denenberg, Wallace Nutting, chap. 5. 90. “Living with Antiques” became a regular feature in The Magazine Antiques in 1943. 91. Eileen S. Pollack, “Furnishing community: the role of Margolis Furniture in the Lives of Hartford’s Gentile and Jewish Families, 1920–1970” (master’s thesis, History of the decorative Arts, cooper-Hewitt national design Museum and Parsons School of design, 2004). on the history of the Margolis reproduction firm, see also Helen M. Psarakis, “‘Antiques of the Future:’ the nathan Margolis Shop, 1925–1953” (master’s thesis, cooperstown Graduate Program, State university of new York college at oneonta, 1995). Additional sources on Margolis furniture can be found in the Joseph downs collection, Winterthur Library, which holds Margolis furniture patterns, and in the collections of the connecticut Historical Society, which owns several Margolis pieces. My own knowledge of the Margolis reproductions was greatly enhanced by nickolas Kotula, a Hartford antique conservator and former Margolis apprentice, and Mike Margolis, a descendant and contemporary dealer in Margolis reproductions, which have become collectibles in their own right. Along with Eileen Pollack, Kotula and Margolis participated in a panel discussion with me on the history of Margolis furniture sponsored by the connecticut Historical Society and the Jewish Historical Society of Greater Hartford, 2 december 2007. 92. Psarakis, “Antiques of the Future,” 15. 93. obituary, “nationally Known cabinetmaker dead,” Hartford Courant, 9 February 1925. 94. “Margolis Found Guilty and Fined,” Hartford Courant, 6 August 1915. 95 Margolis, interview by rockmore, 11–12. 96. Silverman, Hartford Jews, 158. 97. I am indebted to nickolas Kotula for information on the labeling of Fineberg furniture. 98. Advertisement, “nathan Margolis,” Hartford Courant, 6 december 1898. 3. JESSIE BArKEr GArdnEr And GEorGE GArdnEr 1. Leah dilworth, ed., Acts of Possession (new Brunswick, n.J.: rutgers university Press, 2003), 4. 2. Jessie Barker Gardner to Walter Prichard Eaton, 7 March 1937, Barker-Gardner Family Papers, university Archives, Brown university Library (hereafter cited as Barker-Gardner Papers). 3. Jessie Barker Gardner to Advisory and Executive committees, Brown university, 9 May 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 4. Ibid. 5. Jessie Barker Gardner to A. d. Mead, 15 november 1931, Barker-Gardner Papers. 6. Jessie Barker Gardner’s journals, titled “Story of Gardner House,” are part of the Barker-Gardner Papers. Notes to Pages 86 – 95 230 = 7. Jessie Barker Gardner, “changes in Furniture Again urged by George Warren Gardner a Few Hours Before His death,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 8. Jessie Barker Gardner to Harold c. Field, 24 January 1937, and Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Wriston, 1 december 1941, Barker-Gardner Papers. 9. Gardner to Field, 24 January 1937. 10. Gardner to Wriston, 1 december 1941. 11. the material in this paragraph is taken from Jessie Barker Gardner, “Attitudes toward Antiques,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 12. Jessie Barker Gardner, “Furniture and Furnishings Bought and repaired,” BarkerGardner Papers; Gardner to Wriston, 1 december 1941. 13. Gardner, “Experiences in Lowboys,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 14. Gardner, “Bungling in chippendale Mahogany Armchairs,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 15. Gardner, “Experiences in Lowboys”; Jessie Barker Gardner to James collins, 5 February 1938, Barker-Gardner Papers. 16. Jessie Barker Gardner, “reconstruction of 106 George Street from June 1933 to July 1, 1934,” october and november 1937, Barker-Gardner Papers. 17. Gardner to Mead, 15 november 1931. 18. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 2 August 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers; quotes in this paragraph are taken from the same letter. on the construction of colonial Williamsburg as a historic site, see Anders Greenspan, Creating Colonial Williamsburg (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002). 19. George W. Gardner, “chairs from Scotland,” and Jessie Barker Gardner, “changes in Furniture november 1936 through 1939,” both in Barker-Gardner Papers. 20. George W. Gardner, “Buying at the Source,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 21. Quotes in the remainder of this paragraph are from Jessie Barker Gardner, “An Answer to an Add [sic],” Barker-Gardner Papers. 22. George Gardner, “Buying at the Source.” 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. George W. Gardner, “Aaron Willard Shelf clock and Horn of Plenty Mirror,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 26. clarence cook, The House Beautiful (new York: charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881). 27. All quotes are from Mrs. charles norman, “Heirlooms and degeneracy,” American Cookery, March 1921, 655, 657, 657, 656. 28. Jessie Barker Gardner and George Warren Gardner to the Advisory and Executive committee, 9 May 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 29. Gardner to Mead, 15 november 1931. 30. Gene Wise, “’Paradigm dramas’ in American Studies: A cultural and Institutional History of the Movement,” American Quarterly 31, no. 3 (1979): 293–337. 31. on Garvan’s collecting career, see catherine Whalen, “the Alchemy of collecting: Material narratives of Early America, 1890–1940” (Phd diss., Yale university, 2007). 32. Gardner and Gardner to the Advisory and Executive committee, 9 May 1932. Notes to Pages 96 –105 < 231 33. the carnegie grant resulted in the publication of a book on the history of rhode Island building traditions by the architectural historian Antoinette downing. Antoinette downing, interview by George Goodwin, 27 october 1992, Graphics department, rhode Island Historical Society, Providence. 34. Mead, Brown’s vice president, assumed this role while the president, clarence Augustus Barbour, was on a nine-month trip to study missions in Japan, china, Burma, and India. Martha Mitchell, ed., Encyclopedia Brunoniana (Providence: Brown university Library, 1993), s.v. “Albert d. Mead.” 35. Jessie Barker Gardner, “Where Ignorance is Bliss,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 36. Ibid. 37. Jessie Barker Gardner to Edwin A. Burlingame, 17 August 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers. 38. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 18 october 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 39. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Mead, 19 november 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 40. Jessie Barker Gardner to Henry Wriston, 18 February 1938, Barker-Gardner Papers. 41. Gardner to Burlingame, 17 August 1933. 42. Jessie Barker Gardner to Advisory and Executive committee Brown university, 25 May 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 43. Wallis Howe to Jessie Barker Gardner, 21 July 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 44. Jessie Barker Gardner to Edwin A. Burlingame, 20 August 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers; Gardner, “reconstruction of 106 George Street.” 45. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 31 August 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers. 46. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Mead, 24 november 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 47. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 13 August 1933, and Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 25 August 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers. 48. Gardner, “reconstruction of 106 George Street.” 49. Ibid. 50. Jessie Barker Gardner, “At Last a Free Woman,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 51. Ibid. 52. Gardner, “reconstruction of 106 George Street”; Jessie Barker Gardner, “Vicissitudes of the Henry Ames Barker room, Part I,” and Wallis Howe to Jessie Barker Gardner, 14 February 1933, both in Barker-Gardner Papers. 53. Jessie Barker Gardner to Mr. Leeming, 8 July 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers. 54. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 6 August 1933, Barker-Gardner Papers; Gardner to Bumpus, 25 August 1933; Gardner to Burlingame, 17 August 1933. 55. Gardner to Burlingame, 20 August 1933. 56. Gardner to Bumpus, 25 August 1933. 57. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. and Mrs. John n. Force, 9 September 1934, BarkerGardner Papers. 58. Gardner, “Vicissitudes of the Henry Ames Barker room, Part I.” 59. “dr. G. W. Gardner Is dead in Maine,” Providence Evening Bulletin, 14 november 1936. Notes to Pages 105 –111 232 = 60. Jessie Barker Gardner, “changes in Furniture Again urged by George Warren Gardner.” 61. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Bumpus, 15 April 1939, Barker-Gardner Papers. 62. Gardner, “changes in Furniture Again urged by George Warren Gardner.” 63. Gardner, “changes in Furniture november 1936 through 1939.” 64. Gardner, “Attitudes toward Antiques.” 65. Gardner to dr. and Mrs. Force, 9 September 1934. 66. Kevin d. Murphy, “the Politics of Preservation,” in Giffen and Murphy, A Noble and Dignified Stream, 193. 67. Isham’s philosophic differences with women’s groups came to a head during his 1920s restoration of the 1743 home of Stephen Hopkins, a former rhode Island governor and signer of the declaration of Independence. In keeping with his scholarly approach to preservation, Isham based his interior furnishing plan on a probate inventory taken at the time of Hopkins’s death. Innocuous as this plan may seem, it angered the rhode Island Women’s temperance union because several cut-glass liquor bottles were included in the inventory. Isham claimed that he never intended to display the bottles, but the dispute illustrates the conflict between traditional female-led forms of preservation, which saw historic structures as repositories of community values, and the more scientific approach espoused by the new preservation architects. “W.c.t.u. Protest against ‘Bottles’ May Be Withheld,” “Stephen Hopkins House opens for Public Inspection,” “Perhaps they talked Intemperately on the rights of Man!” “Bottles Worry dries, but not Architect,” all undated newspaper clippings, norman Morrison Isham Papers, rIHS. 68. Gardner to dr. and Mrs. Force, 9 September 1934. 69. Jessie Barker Gardner to Mr. Isham, 31 october 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. the fact that Gardner questioned Isham about appropriate flooring is particularly interesting because the house still had its original floors when Gardner began the restoration. Apparently, Gardner wished to improve on the reality that she encountered. For this insight I am indebted to Brown university curator robert Emlen. 70. Gardner to dr. and Mrs. Force, 9 September 1934. 71. Gardner to Isham, 31 october 1932. 72. Jessie Barker Gardner, “notes from ‘colonial Architecture of Salem’ by cousins and riley and their Application to 106 George Street, Gardner House,” BarkerGardner Papers. 73. Gardner to dr. and Mrs. Force, 9 September 1934. 74. Gardner, “Vicissitudes of the Henry Ames Barker room, Part I”; Gardner, “Where Ignorance is Bliss”; Jessie Barker Gardner, “then came damberg,” Barker-Gardner Papers; Gardner to dr. and Mrs. Force, 9 September 1934. 75. Jessie Barker Gardner, “Brownstone Porch and Steps,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 76. Jessie Barker Gardner, “Salem the Inspiration for doing over,” Barker-Gardner Papers. Notes to Pages 111–115 < 233 77. Gardner, “notes from ‘colonial Architecture of Salem.’” 78. Ibid. 79. Gardner, “Vicissitudes of the Henry Ames Barker room, Part I.” 80. Ibid. 81. Gardner, “notes from ‘colonial Architecture of Salem.’” 82. Gardner, “then came damberg.” 83. Gardner to Isham, 31 october 1932. 84. Gardner, “Vicissitudes of the Henry Ames Barker room, Part I.” 85. Gardner, “Where Ignorance is Bliss.” 86. Gardner, “Vicissitudes of the Henry Ames Barker room, Part I.” 87. Gardner to collins, 5 February 1938. 88. r. t. H. Halsey and charles o. cornelius, A Handbook of the American Wing, 7th ed., rev. by Joseph downs (new York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942), vi. 89. on debates over the propriety of removing interior woodwork from standing houses to create museum rooms, see charles B. Hosmer Jr., Presence of the Past: A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States Before Williamsburg (new York: Putnam, 1965), 218–31. 90. Quotes in this paragraph are from Jessie Barker Gardner, “Henry A. Barker Fund,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 91. Jessie Barker Gardner, “notes Prepared by Jessie Barker Gardner and read to dr. Bumpus in the Winter or Early Spring of 1932,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 92. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. and Mrs. Mead, 3 June 1936, Barker-Gardner Papers. 93. Gardner to Mead, 15 november 1931. 94. Gardner to collins, 5 February 1938. 95. Jessie Barker Gardner, “changes in Furniture as Visioned by George Warren Gardner to Make the collection Ideal. May 31 and June 1, 1936,” BarkerGardner Papers. 96 Gardner to Mead, 3 June 1936. 97. Jessie Barker Gardner to James, January 1937, Barker-Gardner Papers. 98. Gardner to collins, 5 February 1938. 99. Jessie Barker Gardner, “chinese chippendale table and King charles chairs,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 100. conforti, Imagining New England; thomas Andrew denenberg, “consumed by the Past: Ideology and craft in ‘old’ new England” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association, Washington, d.c., october 1997). on the larger historic house movement see Patricia West, Domesticating History: The Political Origins of American’s House Museums (Washington, d.c.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999). 101. Miller and Lanning, “common Parlors,” 437. 102. Information on the number of historic house museums in America is taken from the museum directory in Laurence Vail coleman, Historic House Museums (Washington, d.c.: American Association of Museums, 1933), 113–59. Notes to Pages 115 –12 3 234 = 103. Jessie Barker Gardner, “From Historic House Museums,” Barker-Gardner Papers, reproducing passages from coleman, Historic House Museums, 35. 104. Gardner to Mead, 15 november 1931. 105. Jessie Barker Gardner to James c. collins, 7 September 1941, Barker-Gardner Papers. 106. Lizabeth cohen discusses working-class women’s desire for ornate home decor in “Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material culture of American Working-class Homes, 1885–1915,” Journal of American Culture 3 (Winter 1980): 752–75, reprinted in Material Culture Studies in America, ed. thomas Schlereth (nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982), 289–305. 107. Gardner, “From Historic House Museums,” quoting coleman, Historic House Museums, 65 (the capitalization is Gardner’s). 108. “Henry A. Barker, civic Leader for Many Years, dead,” Providence Evening Bulletin, 27 February 1929. 109. Henry A. Barker, “An American Shortcoming,” n.d., Barker-Gardner Papers. 110. on the city Beautiful movement see Alison Isenberg, Downtown America: The History of the Place and the People Who Made It (chicago: university of chicago Press, 2004), chap. 1; Jon A. Peterson, The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840–1917 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins university Press, 2003); William H. Wilson, The City Beautiful Movement (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins university Press, 1989). 111. Jessie Barker Gardner to Mrs. Mead, 17 May 1935, Barker-Gardner Papers. 112. Gardner, “Attitudes toward Antiques.” 113. Gardner to collins, 7 September 1941. 114. dr. Bumpus to the Advisory and Executive committee of Brown university, 11 June 1932, Barker-Gardner Papers. 115. Jessie Barker Gardner, “note added August 1934,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 116. Ibid. 117. Jessie Barker Gardner, “the dedication of the Henry Ames Barker room . . . ,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 118. Jessie Barker Gardner to dr. Mead, 17 April 1935, Barker-Gardner Papers. 119. Jessie Barker Gardner, “Letter to Mr. collins,” 4 June 1935, Barker-Gardner Papers. 120. Jessie Barker Gardner, “termite report, 1934,” Barker-Gardner Papers. 121. Gardner, “Letter to Mr. collins.” 122. undated clipping pasted on the index to “Story of Gardner House,” BarkerGardner Papers. 4. HIGHBoYS And HIGH cuLturE 1. Henry Flynt to Ben Hibbs, 6 August 1959, Flynt Papers, Henry n. Flynt Memorial Library of Historic deerfield, deerfield, Massachusetts (hereafter cited as Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield). Notes to Pages 124 –131 < 235 2. Miller and Lanning, “common Parlors,” 437. on the 1704 attack, see John demos, The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America (new York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), and Evan Haefeli and Kevin Sweeney, “revisiting ‘the redeemed captive’: new Perspectives on the 1704 Attack on deerfield,” William and Mary Quarterly 52, no. 1 (1995): 3–46. 3. Much has been written about the history of historic preservation and antique collecting in old deerfield. this chapter builds on Elizabeth Stillinger, Historic Deerfield: A Portrait of Early America (new York: dutton Studio Books, 1992). Stillinger’s beautifully illustrated book includes both anecdotes about Henry Flynt’s collecting and commentary on the authenticity of his preservation and exhibition methods. Stillinger also consulted records available only in private collections and interviewed many who knew and worked with the Flynts. Michael c. Batinski’s more recent study, Pastkeepers in a Small Place: Five Centuries in Deerfield, Massachusetts (Amherst: university of Massachusetts Press, 2004), has also been helpful for comparing Flynt’s work to earlier generations who preserved deerfield’s past. For groundbreaking research on Flynt’s tenure at deerfield I am also indebted to david christopher Bryan, “the Past as a Place to Visit: reinventing the colonial in deerfield, Massachusetts” (honors thesis, Amherst college, 1989). Finally, interviews conducted 24–25 March 1998, with donald Friary, then the executive director of Historic deerfield, Amelia Miller, deerfield historian and one of Flynt’s researchers, and Peter Spang, the Flynts’ first curator, were essential in helping me recognize the Flynts’ evolving connoisseurship and collecting practices. 4. cornelius Vanderbilt Jr., The Living Past of America: Pictorial Treasury of Our Historic Houses and Villages That Have Been Preserved and Restored (new York: crown Publishers, 1955), 14, quoted in Bryan, “the Past as a Place to Visit,” 140. 5. Abbott Lowell cummings, “origins of Historic Preservation in Massachusetts,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 87 (1975): 3–13; J. M. Arms Sheldon, “the ‘old Indian House’ at deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Effort Made in 1847 to Save It from destruction,” Old-Time New England, January 1922, 99–108. Hosmer, Presence of the Past, 33–35. 6. Greenfield Gazette and Courier, 23 november 1847, quoted in Hosmer, Presence of the Past, 33. 7. Hosmer, Presence of the Past, 33–34. 8. Suzanne L. Flynt, Susan McGowan, and Amelia F . Miller, Gathered and Preserved (deerfield: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Society, 1991), 44. 9. Hosmer, Presence of the Past, 34. Michael c. Batinski also discusses the return of the door in Pastkeepers, 127–28. 10. Emma Lewis coleman, A Historic and Present Day Guide to Old Deerfield (norwood, Mass.: Plimpton Press, 1907), 31; McGowan and Miller, Gathered and Preserved, 5; Jennie Marie Sheldon, “deerfield Memorial Stones,” History and Proceedings of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Society 4 (1905): 242–50. 11. For the history of the PVMA, see Flynt, McGowan, and Miller, Gathered and Preserved. Notes to Pages 133 –135 236 = 12. Ibid., 10; Anne Farnam, “George Francis dow: A career of Bringing the ‘Picturesque traditions of Sleeping Generations’ to Life in the Early twentieth century,” Essex Institute Historical Collections 121, no. 2 (1985): 77–90; david r. Proper, “the Fireplace at Memorial Hall, deerfield, Massachusetts: ‘Picturesque Arrangements; tender Associations,’” in Foodways in the Northeast (Annual Proceedings of the dublin Seminar for new England Folklife), ed. Peter Benes (Boston: Boston university, 1982), 114–29. While Sheldon’s period rooms predated dow’s by twenty-seven years, dow’s rooms in Salem’s Essex Institute are frequently cited as the first. See Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 160; dianne H. Pilgrim, “Inherited From the Past: the American Period room,” American Art Journal 10, no. 1 (1978): 5–23. 13. George Sheldon, quoted in Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 3. 14. timothy c. newman, prefatory note to Flynt, McGowan, and Miller, Gathered and Preserved, 3. 15. Flynt, McGowan, and Miller, Gathered and Preserved, 10–11. 16. Batinski, Pastkeepers, 136–37, Sheldon quote on 137. 17. Catalogue of the Relics and Curiosities in Memorial Hall, Deerfield, Mass. (deerfield, Mass.: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1886), 1, 25, 23, 33. 18. Much of this discussion of the deerfield arts and crafts movement is drawn from Miller and Lanning’s insightful article, “common Parlors”; on women as economic developers, see 438–39. 19. Ellen Boris, Art and Labor: Ruskin, Morris, and the Craftsman Ideal in America (Philadelphia: temple university Press, 1985); on the new England arts and crafts movement, see also Axelrod, Colonial Revival in America; Giffen and Murphy, Noble and Dignified Stream; truettner and Stein, Picturing Old New England, chap. 3. 20. coleman, Historic and Present Day Guide, 99. 21. Miller and Lanning, “common Parlors,” 446; truettner and Stein, Picturing Old New England, 85–87. 22. coleman, Historic and Present Day Guide, 98–102. on men’s contributions, see denenberg, “consumed by the Past”; Ellen M. Snyder-Grenier, “cornelius Kelly of deerfield, Massachusetts: the Impact of change on a rural Blacksmith,” in The Substance of Style: Perspectives on the American Arts and Crafts Movement, ed. Bert denker (Winterthur, del.: Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1996), 263–79. 23. For discussion of the social function of “common parlors,” see Miller and Lanning, “common Parlors.” 24. Susan McGowan and Amelia F . Miller, Family and Landscape: Deerfield Homelots from 1671 (deerfield, Mass.: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1996), 59–60, 159. 25. Henry Flynt, “old deerfield: Where time Was Asked to Stand,” reprinted in the Berkshire Eagle, 14 August 1970. 26. Bart Mcdowell, “deerfield Keeps a truce with time,” National Geographic, June 1969, 780, 789, 808. Notes to Pages 135 –142 < 237 27. Frank Boyden to J. Sheldon, 12 March 1923, deerfield Academy Archives, quoted in Brian cooke, Frank Boyden of Deerfield: The Vision and Politics of an Educational Idealist (Lanham, Md.: Madison Books, 1994), 95. 28. Frank Boyden to Frederick cooley, 28 March 1923, deerfield Academy Archives, quoted in cooke, Boyden of Deerfield, 96. 29. John McPhee, The Headmaster: Frank L. Boyden of Deerfield (new York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1966), 60–62. 30. Frank Boyden to William Sumner Appleton, 22 April 1924, deerfield Academy Archives, quoted in cooke, Boyden of Deerfield, 97. 31. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by charles B. Hosmer, 1 August 1969, transcript , Henry n. Flynt Memorial Library, 5. 32. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 15. 33. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 4. 34. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 12–13. 35. Ibid., 35, 81–82; “A Statement of Facts and a Proposal for the Board of trustees, deerfield Academy Archives,” n.d., Flynt Papers, deerfield Academy Archives, deerfield, Mass. (hereafter cited as Flynt Papers, deerfield Academy). 36. McGowan and Miller, Family and Landscape, 171. 37. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 82. 38. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 27. 39. “West Side / East Side” tables, 1945, Flynt Papers, deerfield Academy. 40. Heritage Foundation Quarterly, August 1962, 5, Henry n. Flynt Memorial Library. 41. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 41. 42. Henry Flynt, “From tomahawks and Arrows to Atomic Bombs,” Delaware Antiques Show Catalog (Wilmington: delaware Antiques Show, december 1969): 89. 43. Henry Flynt, “deerfield, Massachusetts: Its Meaning,” Ellis Memorial Antiques Show Catalog (Boston: Ellis Memorial and Eldridge House, 1963), 35. 44. roger Bowen, “the Light Falls Where the Light Fell,” Yankee, September 1967, 132. 45. Flynt, “From tomahawks,” 87. 46. Samuel chamberlain to Henry Flynt, 11 december 1951, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 47. Henry Flynt to Samuel chamberlain, 9 January 1952, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 48. Samuel chamberlain and Henry n. Flynt, Frontier of Freedom: The Soul and Substance of America, Portrayed in One Extraordinary Village, Old Deerfield, Massachusetts (new York: Hastings House, 1952), 1. 49. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 573–79, 581–87. 50. Henry Flynt to Samuel chamberlain, 28 September 1951, 1 november 1951, and 26 november 1951, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 51. Advertisement, “Geo. c. Flynt, Munson, Mass.,” Antiques, March 1922, 143. 52. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 1. 53. Summaries and quotes in this paragraph are from ibid., 1–4. Notes to Pages 142–152 238 = 54. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 32–33. 55. Ibid., 44–46. 56. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 12. 57. receipt from John Kenneth Byard to Mrs. Henry n. Flynt, 9 May 1958, John Kenneth Byard collection, downs collection, Winterthur (hereafter cited as Byard collection). 58. receipt from John Kenneth Byard to Mr. Henry n. Flynt, 3 May 1958; see also receipts dated 10 September 1953 and 10 April 1958, all in the Byard collection. 59. See, for example, receipts from John Kenneth Byard to Mr. Henry n. Flynt dated 22 May 1958, 29 december 1958, and 27 May 1959, Byard collection. 60. receipts from John Kenneth Byard to Mr. Henry n. Flynt dated 10 May 1958, 13 May 1952, 21 May 1959, and 10 April 1958, Byard collection. 61. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 23. 62. Ibid., passim. 63. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 566. 64. on Henry Francis du Pont’s collecting habits, see ruth Lord, Henry du Pont and Winterthur: A Daughter’s Portrait (new Haven: Yale university Press, 1999); Pauline K. Eversmann, Discover the Winterthur Estate (Winterthur, del.: Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1998). 65. Israel Sack to Henry Francis du Pont, 22 August 1933, Henry Francis du Pont to [Harry] Arons, 18 September 1937, and Henry Francis du Pont to Harry Arons, 9 August 1944, all in du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 66. Henry Francis du Pont to Isabella Barclay, 19 november 1928, du Pont Papers, Antique dealer correspondence. 67. Henry Flynt to Henry Francis du Pont, 1 november 1946, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. For Henry Francis du Pont’s influence, see also Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 14. 68. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 76–77. 69. Henry Flynt to Mrs. Frank thomas and Mrs. Metcalf, 1958, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 70. Henry Flynt to Elizabeth Boyden, 31 January 1952; see also Henry Flynt to Alice Winchester, 23 May 1956; both in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 71. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 175–77. 72. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 20. 73. Henry Flynt, “How’s Your Wardrobe, or Have the Sheldon-Hawks Sempstresses Kept You au courant?” (1960), Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 74. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 26–31, quote on 30. 75. Jennie Maria Arms Sheldon to William Sumner Appleton, 4 december 1933, quoted in ibid., 26. 76. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 17. 77. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 26–29. 78. Henry Flynt to William Gass, 14 May 1947, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. Notes to Pages 153 –159 < 239 79. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 18. 80. J. t. Wiggin, “report to the Heritage Foundation,” 1956, Flynt papers, Henry n. Flynt Memorial Library. 81. “deerfield revisited,” Antiques, May 1959, 464–67. 82. Joseph Peter Spang III, “the Parker and russell Silver Shop in old deerfield,” Antiques, June 1962. 83. The Dwight-Barnard House, Deerfield, Massachusetts, booklet published for Henry and Helen Flynt, n.d., Henry n. Flynt Memorial Library, 12. 84. “’new’ dwight House door,” Greenfield Recorder-Gazette, 23 June 1954. 85. Dwight-Barnard House, 15. 86. Peter Spang (former Heritage Foundation curator), interview by author, 24 March 1998, deerfield, Mass. 87. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 129. 88. Spang, interview by author. 89. Elizabeth Baker’s will quoted in Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 111. 90. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 13. 91. “List of Items Presented to Pocumtuck Valley Historical Society for Furnishing room in Frary House,” 21 June 1955, Byard collection. 92. Stillinger, Historic Deerfield, 43–44, Flynt quoted on 43. 93. Henry Flynt to Mrs. Arthur Savage, 27 May 1954, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. See also Flynt, “From tomahawks,” 89; Henry Flynt, “old deerfield: A Living community,” Art in America, May 1955, 41. 94. Henry Flynt to Irving S. olds, 1953, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 95. Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 15. 96. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 551. 97. on Flynt’s respect for places like Williamsburg, see Bowen, “the Light Falls,” 132; Henry and Helen Flynt, interview by Hosmer, 25–26; Henry Flynt to Miss Elizabeth Fuller, 19 october 1945, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 98. Henry Flynt to Mr. and Mrs. dudley F . underhill, 22 november 1961, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 99. on Flynt’s anti-tourism, see Henry Flynt to Mr. Morrison Heckscher, 13 november 1963, Henry Flynt to Mr. John G. Lewis, 3 november 1959, and Flynt to underhill, 22 november 1961, all in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 100. Henry Flynt to Ms. Elizabeth Shoemaker, 1947; see also Henry Flynt to Mr. Herbert Brean, 2 June 1947 (both in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield); Flynt to Winchester, 23 May 1956. 101. Flynt to Brean, 2 June 1947. 102. Henry Flynt to Elizabeth Shoemaker, 10 August 1947, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 103. Henry Flynt to Samuel chamberlain, 18 december 1950, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 104. Bowen, “the Light Falls,” 65; Henry Flynt to Frank Boyden, 3 April 1957, Flynt Papers, deerfield Academy. Notes to Pages 159 –162 240 = 105. Bowen, “the Light Falls,” 64–65. 106. Ibid.; Helen comstock, “American Silver at deerfield,” Antiques, december 1958, 528–31; “deerfield revisited.” 107. Henry needham Flynt, “old deerfield,” Connecticut Antiquarian, June 1953, 19– 28; Flynt, “old deerfield, A Living community.” For pointing out these articles I am indebted to Bryan, “the Past as a Place to Visit,” 129. 108. Henry Flynt to Christian Science Monitor, 27 August 1963, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 109. Henry Flynt to Mitchell Goodman, 30 June 1955, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 110. Henry Flynt to Antiques, 28 August 1956, and Henry Flynt to Helen Ashley, 2 June 1958, both in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 111. Henry Flynt to Marshall B. davidson, 15 August 1966, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. Similarly, Flynt warned Ladies Home Journal that their photographer should have “an understanding about just what he is to take.” See Henry Flynt to richard Pratt, 1 February 1954, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 112. H. E. Page to Henry Flynt, 21 April 1953 and 6 May 1953, Henry Flynt to H. E. Page, 22 March 1953, and accompanying advertisement titled “deerfield for Living room, dining room and Bedroom,” all in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 113. “deerfield for Living room, dining room and Bedroom.” 114. Henry Flynt to B. Altman and company, 14 May 1962, G. William Moore to Mr. Murray Stein, 17 May 1962, Henry Flynt to William Moore, 14 June 1962, and accompanying advertisement, “Something Wonderful Happens to Your Bedroom,” all in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 115. Benton and Bowles, Inc., to Henry Flynt, 3 January 1961 and 14 February 1961, with accompanying television commercial script, “Proctor and Gamble, Ivory Snow,” Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 116. Henry Flynt to H. E. Page, 6 May 1953, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 117. robert W. carrick to Henry Flynt, 27 december 1957, and Henry Flynt to robert W. carrick, 3 January 1958, both in Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 118. Walentyna S. Pomasko, “Museum reproduces Antiques,” Sunday Republican (Springfield, Mass.), 25 november 1979. 119. richard Hatch to Henry Flynt, 14 november 1952, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 120. Henry Flynt to Mrs. Frank Boyden, 25 April 1951, Flynt Papers, Historic deerfield. 121. Flynt, “old deerfield: A Living community,” 41–47, 73–75. 5. ExHIBItInG tHE ordInArY 1. Sanka Knox, “For Home: caution on ‘Early American’ Furniture,” New York Times, 21 July 1951. Notes to Pages 162–167 < 241 2. c. Malcolm Watkins to Peter Marcio, “thoughts on cultural History,” n.d., Watkins Papers, record unit 7322, Smithsonian Institution Archives (hereafter cited as Watkins Papers, SIA). 3. curators’ Annual reports, department of Anthropology, division of Ethnology, 1951–1952, record unit 158, SIA. 4. on the history of collecting at the Smithsonian and the institution’s relationships with donors, see Steven Lubar and Kathleen M. Kendrick, Legacies: Collecting America’s HistoryattheSmithsonian (Washington d.c.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001). on Malcolm Watkins’s career and its relationship to folklife studies at the Smithsonian, see William Walker, “A Living Exhibition: the Smithsonian, Folklife, and the Making of the Modern Museum” (Phd diss., Brandeis university, 2007). 5. c. Malcolm Watkins, interview by Pamela Henson, 26 February 1992, SIA. 6. Watkins maintained his interest in lighting devices at the Smithsonian. He curated the Hall of Heating and Lighting in the natural History Building and wrote several articles on lighting devices as well as the pamphlet Artificial Lighting in America, 1830–1860, Publication 4080 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1952). 7. Lura Watkins also published several short plays. Buried Treasure (Boston: charles Baker, 1933) is the story of a widow forced to sell her family antiques, and Last of the Joneses (Boston: charles Baker, 1928) depicts love at the genealogical society. 8. on the history of glass collecting, see Alice Winchester, “Perspective,” The Magazine Antiques, January 1972; Little, Little by Little, 26–29. 9. Lura Woodside Watkins, Cambridge Glass: The Story of the New England Glass Company (new York: Bramhall House, 1930). 10. Henry Francis du Pont, daybook, 8 november 1928 and 9 november 1928, both in the Winterthur Archives, Winterthur Library. 11. dudley Brown to Samuel Laidacker, 25 october 1945, Samuel Laidacker collection , downs collection, Winterthur. 12. this information is taken from a small 1983 exhibit at the national Museum of American History titled “Lura Woodside Watkins: cultural Historian, 1887– 1982,” curated by regina Lee Blaszcyk and the staff of the division of ceramics and Glass. records of the exhibit can be found in the files of ceramics and Glass, division of domestic Life, national Museum of American History (the files of the division of domestic Life are hereafter cited as ddL, nMAH). See also c. Malcolm Watkins, “Historical Archaeology,” interview by M. cohen, n.d., transcript, Watkins Papers, SIA. 13. Lura Watkins, Early New England Potters and Their Wares (cambridge: Harvard university Press, 1950). Later works by Lura Watkins include Early New England Pottery (Sturbridge, Mass.: old Sturbridge Village, 1966) and Middleton, Massachusetts: A Cultural History (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1970). 14. Little, Little by Little, 5; Winchester, “Perspective”; Watkins, Early New England Potters. 15. Laura E. Abing, “old Sturbridge Village: An Institutional History of a cultural Artifact” (Phd diss., Marquette university, 1997), 2–8. Notes to Pages 169 –173 242 = 16. c. Malcolm Watkins, quoted in Abing, “old Sturbridge Village,” 8. 17. Abing, “old Sturbridge Village,” 15. 18. Watkins to Marcio, “thoughts on cultural History.” 19. charles B. Hosmer Jr., Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926–1949, 2 vols. (charlottesville: university of Virginia Press for the Preservation Press, national trust for Historic Preservation in the united States, 1981), 109–21. 20. c. Malcolm Watkins, interview by Susan Myers, 14 May 1995, transcript, SIA, 13, 28–29. 21. John Brenton copp to Secretary, Smithsonian Institute, 19 January 1937, copp collection Files, no. 28810, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History (hereafter cited as copp Files, nMAH). 22. on the copp collection, see Gary Kulik, “designing the Past: History-Museum Exhibitions from Peale to the Present,” in History Museums in the United States: A Critical Assessment, ed. Warren Leon and roy rosenzweig (urbana: university of Illinois Press, 1989), 7–12; Lubar and Kendrick, Legacies, 176; Grace rogers cooper, The Copp Family Textiles (Washington d.c.: national Museum of American History, 1971); Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1881, 86, and Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1895, 90, SIA. 23. Some state exhibits were displayed in the Government Building and Women’s Building rather than the state’s own pavilion. See Susan Prendergast Schoelwer, “curious relics and Quaint Scenes: the colonial revival at chicago’s World’s Fair,” in Axelrod, Colonial Revival, 184–216. 24. Ibid. 25. John Brenton copp to the Secretary of the Smithsonian, 20 March 1896, copp Files, nMAH. copp’s request that his donation be displayed in its entirety and in no more than four cases does not appear to have been legally binding; it was later housed in eight cases, and Smithsonian curators have selectively employed objects from the collection in a variety of exhibits. As early as 1904 copp wrote to museum officials to complain that some items had been relegated to storage. While staff apparently acceded to his request and again placed the entire collection on display, copp wrote about the same issue again in 1937. See John Brenton copp to the Secretary of the Smithsonian, 19 January 1937, copp Files, nMAH. 26. Kulik, “designing the Past,” 9. 27. Ibid., 8–9, quote on 8. 28. copp to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 19 January 1937. 29. Ibid. 30. Assistant Secretary to Mr. Belote, 14 december 1927, Gertrude ritter Webster Files, no. 71679, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History (hereafter cited as Webster Files, nMAH). Steven Lubar and Kathleen M. Kendrick also discuss the history of the ritter room in Legacies, 178–80. 31. Gertrude ritter to dr. Walcott, 18 April 1924, Webster Files, nMAH; c. Malcolm Watkins, interview by Susan Myers, 12 May 1995, transcript, SIA, 6. Notes to Pages 173 –177 < 243 32. Administrative Assistant to the Secretary to Mr. Belote, 28 december 1923, and charles Lyon to Gertrude ritter, 17 April 1924, both in Webster Files, nMAH. 33. Lyon to ritter, 17 April 1924. curators at the Smithsonian Institution are now not certain who lived in the house that contained the paneling ritter donated. In the 1980s, Edward F . Zimmer ruled out the possibility of reuben Bliss. According to Barbara clark Smith (After the Revolution: The Smithsonian History of Everyday Life in the Eighteenth Century [new York: Pantheon Books for the national Museum of American History, 1985], ix) the best candidate is the merchant Samuel colten, who built a house in Longmeadow, Massachusetts, between 1753 and 1755. 34. c. Malcolm Watkins to dr. remington Kellogg, 5 August 1949, Webster Files, nMAH. 35. on the symbolism of the spinning wheel, see Monkhouse, “Spinning Wheel as Artifact.” 36. Mrs. ritter to Mr. Goldsmith, 16 May 1924, Webster Files, nMAH. 37. theodore Belote to Mr. ravenel, 23 May 1924, Webster Files, nMAH. 38. Beals and nicholson to Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, 28 August 1939, Webster Files, nMAH. 39. ritter to Goldsmith, 16 May 1924. 40. ritter to Walcott, 18 April 1924; Administrative Assistant to Mr. Belote, 28 december 1923. 41. Beals and nicholson to Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, 28 August 1939. 42. Watkins, interview by Myers, 12 May 1995, 3. 43. theodore Belote to Mr. ravenel, 4 november 1930, and W. de c. ravenel to Gertrude Webster, 26 december 1930, both in Webster Files, nMAH; Watkins, interview by Myers, 12 May 1995, 4–5. 44. Beals and nicholson to Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, 28 August 1939, Secretary to Beals and nicholson, September 1939, and Beals and nicholson to c. d. Abbott, 10 october 1939, all in Webster Files, nMAH. 45. Watkins to Marcio, “thoughts on cultural History”; curators’ Annual reports, 1951–1952; Assistant Secretary to Belote, 14 december 1927; Watkins, interview by Myers, 12 May 1995, 6. 46. Watkins to Marcio, “thoughts on cultural History.” 47. one of the best sources of on the life of Edna Greenwood is her diary, which remains under family control. Her son, Edward Little of claremont, california, has compiled and annotated selected entries, which I have consulted. on Greenwood ’s collecting, see also ted Ashby, “Her 1702 Farmhouse an Americana Museum,” Boston Daily Globe, 29 July 1958; Henry Harlow, “Edna Greenwood and Her collections,” 1972. Harlow’s essay is reproduced in the Greenwood diary and is also available in William Sumner Appleton’s correspondence, Marlboro, Massachusetts Files, Historic new England, Boston. 48. Edward Little, annotation to Greenwood diary. After the death of Edna Greenwood ’s father around 1900, she and her mother were supported by her uncle Edward Albert Filene, head of the Filene’s department store chain and one of the Notes to Pages 177–18 0 244 = nation’s most successful and wealthiest merchants. committed to the idea that mass-production systems must be matched with equally developed distribution systems, Filene was on the front lines of the advancement of twentieth-century consumer culture, both in America and in Europe. A progressive employer, an active philanthropist known for his role in establishing credit unions in the united States, and a committed internationalist, Filene was also a Jew, the child of German Jewish parents. While he never denied his Jewish heritage, Filene was not religious. He did not speak Yiddish and he distanced himself from the Jewish community. What impact, if any, the family’s Jewish heritage had on Edna Greenwood is impossible to say. It is interesting to speculate, however, on whether Greenwood in any way shared Israel Sack’s propensity to use early American antiques as a way to shape his cultural identity. on Edward Filene’s place within the American Jewish community, see Saul Engelbourg, “Edward A. Filene: Merchant, civic Leader, Jew,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 66, no. 1 (1979): 106–22. on Filene’s contributions to the spread of united States retail culture, see Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe (cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard university Press, 2005), 130–83. 49. Greenwood diary, 6 August 1912, 3 September 1912. 50. Ibid., 9 August 1928, 30 July 1928, 23 July 1928. 51. Ibid., 5 July 1928. 52. Ibid., 17 July 1928, 28 July 1928, 19 July 1928. 53. Ibid., 24 January 1928. 54. Ibid., 23 July 1928. 55. Edward Little’s comments in the Greenwood diary. 56. Harlow, “Edna Greenwood.” 57. Greenwood diary, 11 May 1925, 8 June 1925, 9 July 1925. 58. Harlow, “Edna Greenwood”; Anne A. Grady, Lucinda A. Brockway, and chris L. Eaton, “the Goodale Farm, Hudson, Massachusetts: Historic Structure report,” August 1990, available in the library of Historic new England, Boston. 59. William Sumner Appleton to Edna Little, 7 May 1925, William Sumner Appleton correspondence, Historic new England. 60. Grady, Brockway, and Eaton, “the Goodale Farm,” 80–82. 61. Ibid., 76. 62. Greenwood diary, 17 July 1928. 63. Alice Winchester, “Living with Antiques: time Stone Farm in Marlboro, Massachusetts ,” The Magazine Antiques, June 1951, 460; Harlow, “Edna Greenwood.” 64. Wall, “time Stone Farm,” 12. 65. Greenwood diary, letter to Amos Little, 18 August 1928. 66. Edward Little’s comments in the Greenwood diary. 67. Little, Little by Little, dedication page. 68. Edward Little’s comments in the Greenwood diary. 69. Ibid. See also 9 May 1926, 12 May 1928; Edna Little to Amos Little, 14 August Notes to Pages 18 0 –185 < 245 1928, Amos Little to Edna Little, 15 August 1928, and Edna Little to Amos Little, 18 August 1928, all reproduced in the Greenwood diary. 70. Edward Little’s comments in the Greenwood diary; Greenwood diary, 30 June 1928. 71. Greenwood diary, letter from Amos Little to Edna Little, 15 August 1928. 72. Greenwood diary, letter to Amos Little, 18 August 1928. 73. Greenwood diary, 1 June 1934. 74. Watkins, interview by Myers, 12 May 1995, 3. 75. In an interview, Greenwood raised the figure to 3,000. Ashby, “Her 1702 Farmhouse.” 76. c. Malcolm Watkins, “the Greenwood Gift to the Smithsonian Institution,” Chronicle of Early American Industries 4, no. 1 (January 1951): 1. 77. Ibid., 1–2. 78. Edna Greenwood to Mr. taylor, 15 June 1949, Greenwood Accession records, no. 182022, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History (hereafter cited as Greenwood records, nMAH). 79. this estimated value was made by the Parke-Bernet Galleries and reported to the Smithsonian Institution by Edna Greenwood. See c. Malcolm Watkins to F . M. Setzler, 16 February 1949, Greenwood records, nMAH. on Greenwood’s finances, see Edward Little’s comments in the Greenwood diary. 80. c. Malcolm Watkins to Mr. F . M. Setzler, 18 April 1949, Greenwood records, nMAH. 81. c. Malcolm Watkins to dr. carmichael, 29 november 1954, and undated, unaddressed response, ddL, nMAH. 82. on the Greenwood Gift and Watkins’s exhibition program, see Lubar and Kendrick, Legacies, 180–82. 83. on the history of the period room, see Pilgrim, “Inherited from the Past.” on sanitary fair exhibits as predecessors to the period room, see roth, “the new England, or ‘olde tyme,’ Kitchen Exhibit.” 84. “news release,” 23 January 1957, ddL, nMAH; “Exhibit depicts Early America,” Washington Post, 20 January 1957; “national Museum opens Early American Hall,” Museum News, 1 February 1957. 85. Watkins to Marcio, “thoughts on cultural History.” 86. Watkins to Kellogg, 5 August 1949. 87. on the significance and function of relics, see Lubar and Kendrick, Legacies, 36– 41; Brooke Hindle, “How Much Is a Piece of the true cross Worth?” in Material Culture and the Study of American Life, ed. Ian M. G. Quimby (new York: Published for the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, del., by W. W. norton, 1978), 5–20; rachel P. Maines and James J. Glenn, “numinous objects,” Public Historian 15 (Winter 1993): 9–25. 88. Peter novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 1988), chaps. 1 and 2. Notes to Pages 185 –189 246 = 89. Murphy, “the Politics of Preservation,” 193; Gail Lee dubrow, “restoring a Female Presence: new Goals in Historic Preservation,” in Architecture: A Place for Women, ed. Ellen Perry Berkeley (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989), 163–64. 90. Watkins to Setzler, 18 April 1949. 91. William Sumner Appleton to Edna Little, 12 May 1928, 23 July 1929, 11 november 1929, and 9 october 1933, all in Appleton correspondence, Historic new England. 92. Greenwood diary, June 1928; July 1928. 93. Ibid., June 1928. 94. on dow’s life and work in Salem, see Hosmer, Presence of the Past, 213–16; charles B. Hosmer, “George Francis dow,” in Keepers of the Past, ed. clifford L. Lord (chapel Hill: university of north carolina Press, 1965), 157–66; Farnam, “George Francis dow,” 77–90. 95. J. Frederick Kelly, “time Stone Farm,” Walpole Society Notebook, 1946, 41, quoted in Hosmer, “George Francis dow.” 96. Hosmer, “George Francis dow,” 159. 97. George Francis dow, Everyday Life in Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston: Society for the Preservation of new England Antiquities, 1935). 98. Board of Park commissioners, city of Salem, Massachusetts, Guide to Salem, 1630: Manual for the Participants and Spectators at the Pageant of the Arrival of Governor Winthrop (n.p.: Berkeley Press, 1930); Board of Park commissioners, city of Salem, Massachusetts, A Reference Guide to Salem, 1630, rev. ed. (Portland, Maine: Southworth-Anthoensen Press, 1935). Both are in the collections of the Salem Public Library. 99. ogden codman to George Francis dow, 21 May 1918, dow collection, Massachusetts Historical Society. 100. Albert r. rogers, The Historic Voyage of the Arbella, 1630: Official Souvenir of the Arbella on Exhibition Charles River Basin, Boston 1930 (n.p.: published under the auspices of the Massachusetts Bay tercentenary, 1930), 15–16. 101. Handwritten note on a copy of Winchester, “Living with Antiques: time Stone Farm,” contained in the Greenwood records, nMAH. 102. c. Malcolm Watkins to Kenneth M. Wilson, 1 February 1960, Watkins Papers, SIA. 103. c. Malcolm Watkins, “the Greenwood Gift,” The Magazine Antiques, February 1950, 121. 104. Watkins to Setzler, 18 April 1949. 105. Ironically, Morris donated her Virginia room after she had already brought new England to Washington by moving the Lindens, a Georgian mansion, from danvers, Massachusetts, to Kalorama road in the northwest Quadrant of Washington, d.c., where it became both her home and a setting for her antiques (see chapter 1). on the history of the Lindens, see “the renaissance of the ‘Lindens,’” The Magazine Antiques, February 1938, 67–68; “Living with Notes to Pages 189 –194 < 247 Antiques: the Washington Home of Mrs. George Maurice Morris,” Antiques, January 1956, 60–61; “Living with Antiques: the Lindens, Washington, d.c.,” The Magazine Antiques, April 1979, 744–49. 106. untitled, undated list of reasons to accept the Greenwood Gift, Greenwood records, nMAH. on Watkins’s desire to make his collections more nationally inclusive, see also curators’ Annual reports, 1963, division of cultural History, record unit 158, SIA; Watkins to Marcio, “thoughts on cultural History.” 107. c. Malcolm Watkins to Alice Winchester, 18 July 1962, Watkins Papers, SIA. 108. untitled, undated proposal for a series of publications designated “Smithsonian contributions to cultural History,” division of cultural History, national Museum of History and technology (nMHt), record unit 258, SIA, 2. 109. “Hall of Everyday Life in American Past,” undated list of exhibit cases, Photograph File, director and deputy director, nMHt, 1920s–1970s, record unit 285, SIA. 110. c. Malcolm Watkins, sabbatical application, “the origins and development of American traditional ceramics,” n.d., Watkins Papers, SIA. 111. “Accessions, Fiscal Year 1957,” curators’ Annual reports, united States national Museum, record unit 158, SIA. 112. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England, 41, 50–51. 113. c. Malcolm Watkins to Mr. and Mrs. George Watson, 23 April 1954, ddL, nMAH; c. Malcolm Watkins to charles F . Montgomery, 6 november 1957, and c. Malcolm Watkins to dr. Kellogg, 17 december 1957, both in Story House Files, no. 219013, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History. 114. John c. Ewers to Mr. F . A. taylor, 8 June 1956, ddL, nMAH; Watkins, interview by Henson, 24–28. the son of antique collector Francis P. Garvan, Anthony Garvan is best known as the first chairman of the historic preservation department at the university of Pennsylvania. 115. Peter c. Welch to Mr. taylor, 9 January 1964, ddL, nMAH. 116. c. Malcolm Watkins to chairman, Subcommittee on Exhibits, 10 May 1954, ddL, nMAH. 117. c. Malcolm Watkins to Mr. Anthony Wilding, 29 July 1954, ddL, nMAH. 118. untitled, chronological account of Watkins’s efforts to secure the richard tavern from Jorge Epstein, ddL, nMAH. 119. A. W. Wilding to Jorge Epstein, 20 october 1954, ddL, nMAH. 120. Watkins, interview by Myers, 12 May 1995. 121. c. Malcolm Watkins to dr. Kellogg, 5 december 1957, Story House Files, no. 219013, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History. Henry Francis du Pont installed the Story House kitchen at Winterthur, but it is no longer on display. 122. For examples of Watkins’s archeological work, see c. Malcolm Watkins, North Devon Pottery and Its Export to America in the Seventeenth Century, contributions from the Museum of History and technology, u.S. national Museum Bulletin Notes to Pages 194 –198 248 = no. 225 (Washington, d.c.: Smithsonian Institution, 1960), 17–59; Ivor noel Hume and c. Malcolm Watkins, The ‘Poor Potter’ of Yorktown, contributions from the Museum of History and technology Bulletin no. 249 (Washington, d.c.: Smithsonian Institution, 1968); c. Malcolm Watkins, The Cultural History of Marlborough, Virginia, u.S. national Museum Bulletin no. 253 (Washington, d.c.: Smithsonian Institution, 1968). 123. “Gold rush Kitchen Is on display in East,” newspaper clipping, and c. Malcolm Watkins to Brklacy [sic], “news release on california room Exhibit,” 20 April 1965, both in Watkins Papers, SIA. 124. “Gold rush Kitchen Is on display in East.” 125. c. Malcolm Watkins to Mr. James M. Brown III, 28 August 1967, Watkins Papers, SIA. 126. Watkins to Brklacy [sic], 20 April 1965. 127. on the history of colonial kitchen exhibits, see roth, “the new England, or ‘olde tyme,’ Kitchen Exhibit.” 128. untitled, undated exhibit map for Hall 26, Watkins Papers, SIA; “Hall of Everyday Life in American Past.” 129. “Accessions,” Annual report, 1959, division of cultural History, nMHt, 1952– 1967, record unit 258, SIA; “conceptual Script for revision of Hall of Everyday Life in the American Past,” department of cultural History, record unit 831, SIA; “Everyday Life in Early America,” Exhibit synopsis, ddL, nMAH. 130. HELAP exhibit binder, ddL, nMAH. 131. “data for Annual report: 1965,” division of cultural History, nMHt, 1952– 1967, record unit 258, SIA. 132. c. Malcolm Watkins to Mrs. Adele Earnest, 21 January 1969, Watkins Papers, SIA. For a history of the Smithsonian’s exhibition of black culture, see Michele Gates Moresi, “Exhibiting race, creating nation: representations of Black History and culture at the Smithsonian Institution, 1895–1976” (Phd diss., George Washington university, 2002). 133. Exhibit tour script titled “Manuscript Prepared by Mr. c. Malcolm Watkins of the Smithsonian Museum Staff,” record unit 261, division of domestic Life, SIA; Watkins, interview by Myers, 14 May 1995, 17–19. 134. “conceptual Script for revision of Hall of Everyday Life in the American Past.” For pointing out this quote I am indebted to Smith, After the Revolution, xv. 135. Smith, After the Revolution, xvi–xvii. 136. “300-Yr.-old Marlboro House Starts new Life,” newspaper clipping, record unit 258, division of cultural History, nMHt, 1952–1967, SIA. 137. While the log house was later placed on display in the national Museum of American History’s “After the revolution” exhibit, contemporary curators removed the paneling. on Watkins’s acquisition of the delaware Log House, see c. Malcolm Watkins, interview by Susan Myers, 8 May 1995, transcript, SIA, 40–46; Watkins, interview by Henson, 29–32. 138. For an example of how Watkins researched his period rooms, see “dearest Notes to Pages 198 –201 < 249 Mal,” letter from Lura Watkins to c. Malcolm Watkins, 5 January 1956, ddL, nMAH. 139. Hall 26 Exhibit Binder, ddL, nMAH. 140. c. Malcolm Watkins to Mr. Mendel Peterson, 17 April 1957, ddL, nMAH. 141. Lura Woodside Watkins to remington Kellogg, 10 January 1953, Lura Watkins childhood room Files, no. 197232, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History; Watkins, interview by Myers, 14 May 1995, 19. 142. Watkins, interview by Myers, 14 May 1995, 14–17. 143. concerning the Ipswich House’s collection, see Watkins, interview by Henson, 24–28; Margo Edwards, “chronology of the Ipswich House and the Smithsonian: 1962 to Present,” 23 March 1998, ddL, nMAH; c. Malcolm Watkins to Mr. taylor, “Gift of Seventeenth century House,” 22 August 1963, Ipswich House Files, no. 252318, office of the registrar, national Museum of American History; William rice, “Ancient House Heads for Smithsonian,” Washington Post, 26 September 1963. 144. Edwards, “chronology of the Ipswich House.” 145. richard Ahlborn to dr. Brooke Hindle, “An Exhibition Proposal: An Introduction to the Hall of Everyday Life in the American Past,” 20 February 1975, Watkins Papers, SIA. on the balloon-framed house, see rodris roth to Mr. James Lyons, 1 April 1976, and rodris roth to dr. Brooke Hindle, “travel to chicago and Vicinity re: Balloon Frame Project 29 July,” 4 August 1976, both in record unit 831, Files of the department of cultural History, SIA. 146. For documentation of the “time Machine” proposal, see record unit 551, department of Exhibits, national Museum of American History 1957–92, SIA. “Welcome Home,” “open House,” and the Mintz proposal remain in the active files of the division of domestic Life, nMAH. 147. on the reinterpretation of the Ipswich House, see Briann Greenfield, “A House in the nation’s Attic,” American Quarterly 56, no. 1 (2004): 151–62. EPILoGuE 1. Sack Heritage Group, www.sackheritagegroup.com/history.php (accessed 5 January 2009). 2. Leigh Keno and Leslie Keno with Joan Barzilay Freund, Hidden Treasures: Searching for Masterpieces of American Furniture (new York: Warner Books, 2000). 3. “First Place in the Antiques roadshow top ten Items,” Youtube, www.youtube. com/watch?v=wlkYn39i4Fw (accessed 5 January 2009). 4. PBS, “on Your tV,” www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/cities/ (accessed 5 January 2009). 5. the most extensive corporate biography of eBay is Adam cohen, The Perfect Store: Inside eBay (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002). 6. Pamela Wiggins, “So What’s Hot on eBay,” About.com, antiques.about.com/od/ onlinepriceguides/a/bleBayMay04.htm (accessed 17 May 2008). Notes to Pages 201–208 250 = 7. See Lynn dralle’s The 100 Best Things I’ve Sold on eBay: My Story (Palm desert, calif.: All Aboard, 2003), More 100 Best Things I’ve Sold on eBay—Money Making Madness—My Story Continues (Palm desert, calif.: All Aboard, 2006), and The 3rd 100 Best Things I’ve Sold on eBay . . . Ka-Ching! My Story Continues (Palm desert, calif.: All Aboard, 2007). 8. dralle, 3rd 100 Best Things. 9. ron Zoglin and deborah Shouse, Antiquing for Dummies (Foster city, calif.: IdG Books, 1999); dennis L. Prince and Lynn dralle, How to Sell Antiques and Collectibles on eBay . . . And Make a Fortune! (new York: McGraw-Hill, 2005); Bruce E. Johnson, How to Make $20,000 a Year in Antiques and Collectibles without Leaving Your Job (new York: Ballantine, 1986). 10. For a behind-the-scenes look at the antique market of the 1980s and 1990s, see thatcher Freund, Objects of Desire: The Lives of Antiques and Those Who Pursue Them (new York: Penguin, 1993). 11. rita reif, “A newport desk’s towering Style,” New York Times, 26 February 1989; rita reif, “rare desk from 1760’s on the Block,” New York Times, 15 February 1989; rita reif, “18th-century desk Sold for record $12.1 Million,” New York Times, 4 June 1989. 12. rita reif, “ripples Awaited from Auction Splash,” New York Times, 11 June 1989; Wendy Moonan, “A Potter’s dream: American Porcelain,” New York Times, 28 January 2005. 13. Andrew richmond and Hollie davis, “the Young collector: the Stigma of the Middle Market,” Maine Antiques Digest, www.maineantiquedigest.com/stories/ index.html?id=428 (accessed 5 January 2009). 14. See, for example, david Vazdauskas, “no Laughing Matter, But We can Still Hope,” Maine Antiques Digest, www.maineantiquedigest.com/stories/index. html?id=154 (accessed 5 January 2009); david Vazdauskas, “the new Lure of the Antiques trade,” Maine Antiques Digest, www.maineantiquedigest.com/ stories/index.html?id=169 (accessed 17 May 2008). 15. david Vazdauskas, “If the Young only Knew,” Maine Antiques Digest, www. maineantiquedigest.com/stories/index.html?id=157 (accessed 5 January 2009); Andrew richmond and Hollie davis, “the Young collector: connecting with the Young ecollector,” Maine Antiques Digest, www.maineantiquedigest.com/stories/ index.html?id=362 (accessed 5 January 2009); Andrew richmond and Hollie davis, “the Young collector: Who Is the Young collector?” Maine Antiques Digest, www. maineantiquedigest.com/stories/index.html?id=315 (accessed 5 January 2009). 16. Vazdauskas, “If the Young only Knew”; richmond and davis, “connecting with the Young ecollector.” 17. “Antique roadshow Scams!” Youtube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAsIBtn0Ydu (accessed 5 January 2009). there are more parodies of Antiques Roadshow available onYoutube:“theAntiquesroadshow,”www.youtube.com/watch?v=ja51dye5uhg; “Antiquesroadshow:Arkham,MA,”www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFWHted4Esu; “Bunifa on the Antiques roadshow,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwSyQuSh_ZA; (all accessed 5 January 2009). Notes to Pages 208 –211 < 251 18. Maine Antiques Digest writers Andrew richmond and Hollie davis recognize that middle-market goods are often belittled as “undistinguished” or “mediocre” by high-end collectors; see “the Young collector: the Stigma of the Middle Market.” 19. Lita Solis-cohen, “the 44th Annual delaware Antiques Show,” Maine Antiques Digest, www.maineantiquedigest.com/stories/index.html?id=428 (accessed 5 January 2009). 20. david Vazdauskas, “Going . . . Going . . . Green!” Maine Antiques Digest, www. maineantiquedigest.com/stories/index.html?id=151 (accessed 5 January 2009). 21. david Vazdauskas, “Marketing to Younger Buyers: A Vintage Appeal?” Maine Antiques Digest, maineantiquedigest.com/articles_archive/articles/jan03/mark0103. htm (accessed 5 January 2009). 22. Kenneth L. Ames makes the argument that decorative arts scholarship has traditionally been oriented to the concerns and questions of collectors in “American decorative Arts / Household Furnishings.” 23. Jules Prown, “Mind in Matter: An Introduction to Material culture theory and Method,” Winterthur Portfolio 17, no. 1 (Spring 1982): 1–19. While the literature of material culture is too large to catalog here, key texts establishing the approach include John Kouwenhoven, Made in America: The Arts of Modern Civilization (Garden city, n.Y.: doubleday, 1948); Alan Gowans, Images of American Living: Four Centuries of Architecture and Furniture as Cultural Expression (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964); James deetz, In Small Things Forgotten: The Archeology of Early American Life (Garden city, n.Y.: Anchor Press / doubleday, 1977); Quimby, Material Culture and the Study of American Life; Schlereth, Material Culture Studies in America; robert Blair St. George, ed., Material Life in America, 1600–1860 (Boston: northeastern university Press, 1988); dell upton and John M. Vlach, eds., Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture (Athens: university of Georgia Press, 1986 ); Katherine c. Grier, Culture and Comfort: People, Parlors, and Upholstery, 1850–1930 (Amherst: Published for the Strong Museum, rochester, n.Y., by the university of Massachusetts Press, 1988); John Michael Vlach, The Afro-American Tradition in the Decorative Arts (Athens: university of Georgia Press, 1990); Kenneth L. Ames, Death in the Dining Room and Other Tales of Victorian Culture (Philadelphia: temple university Press, 1992); richard Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (new York: Knopf, 1992); Henry Glassie, Material Culture (Bloomington: Indiana university Press, 1999); Laurel thatcher ulrich, The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth (new York: Knopf, 2001); Bronner, Consuming Visions. 24. For a study of how high-style furnishings and architecture have been reinterpreted using the tools of social history, see richard Handler and Eric Gable, New History in an Old Museum: Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg (durham, n.c.: duke university Press, 1997). 25. christopher Bickford, The Connecticut Historical Society, 1825–1975: A Brief Illustrated History (Hartford: connecticut Historical Society, 1975), 78–83, 85. Notes to Pages 211–213 ...