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CONTENTS List of Maps ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Part I: 1830s–1870s 25 1 Awakenings The First Cross-Class Labor Reform Organizations, 1832–1848 27 2 Keeping the Flame Alive The Enduring Vision of Antebellum Labor Reform, 1848–1865 64 3 Acts of Commission Labor Reformers, Activists, and the Levers of Political Power, 1865–1870 82 4 The Generation of 1869 Two Leagues, a Bureau, and a Party 114 Part II: 1870s–1900 169 5 Piety and Protest Labor Reform, Religion, and Mass Demonstrations, 1872–1898 173 viii Contents 6 Spaces, Places, and Headquarters Workers, Reformers, and the Search for Common Ground, 1879–1900 212 7 New Models for a New Century Labor Reform and the Origins of the Progressive Movement, 1891–1900 240 Epilogue 261 Abbreviations 265 Notes 267 Index 307 ...

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