Missionaries in Hawai'i: The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick, 1797-1883

NOTES

165 NOTES Introduction Epigraph: Theodore Gulick to John and Frances Gulick, May 11, 1906, GPHU, box 15. 1. See Putney, “Legacy of the Gulicks.” 2. See Phillips, Protestant America and the Pagan World; and Goodsell, They Lived Their Faith, 123; Goodsell notes that “exciting volumes could be written of the experiences and achievements of the Gulicks.” In addition to the thirty-two Gulicks officially employed by the ABCFM, another sixty-three Gulicks did missionary work; see Don Adams, “Missionaries’ Memorabilia Shipped to Harvard Library,” Austin Statesman, May 27, 1966, A1. 3. See Jewett, Luther Halsey Gulick; Addison Gulick, Evolutionist and Missionary ; Elizabeth Gordon, Alice Gordon Gulick; Taylor, Advocate of Understanding; Dorgan, Luther Halsey Gulick; and Fitch, Making Democracy Work. Another wellknown Gulick is Peter and Fanny Gulick’s great-grandson Edward Vose Gulick. See Edward Vose Gulick, Teaching in Wartime China. The ideas of Sidney Gulick I concerning cross-culturalism are discussed extensively in Snow, Protestant Missionaries , Asian Immigrants. 4. See Hatch, Democratization of American Christianity; and Hankins, Second Great Awakening. 5. Many historians have pointed out that missionaries often conflated Christianity and culture. The best known is perhaps William R. Hutchison; see his essay “A Moral Equivalent for Imperialism.” 6. Robert, Occupy Until I Come, 46. 7. The statistics about missionary work are from Hutchison, Errand to the World, 176. The “evangelization of the world” slogan belonged to the Student Volunteer Movement, a missionary organization that Mott led; see Parker, Kingdom of Character. 8. See Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost; and Barton, Turkish Atrocities. 9. See Putney, Muscular Christianity, 127–43; and Reed, “American Foreign Policy.” 10. The most monumental work produced in the twentieth century about Christian missionaries is Latourette, History of the Expansion of Christianity. Other historians also wrote in the first half of the twentieth century about missionaries, but in spite of their work John King Fairbank told the American Historical Association in 1968 that the missionary was “the invisible man of American history.” Fairbank , “Assignment for the ’70’s,” 877. 166 Notes to Pages 4–7 11. Dunch, “Beyond Cultural Imperialism,” 307. Anti-missionary sentiments can also be found in modern novels, such as The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver . For a modern novel that is more sympathetic to missionaries, see John Hersey’s The Call. The quotation about academic unpopularity emanated from a historian who would no doubt like to remain anonymous. 12. Robert, American Women in Mission; Burlin, Imperial Maine and Hawai‘i; and Kashay, “Agents of Imperialism” (one of several articles about missionaries by Kashay). Robert, Burlin, and Kashay are all U.S. scholars, but it is worth noting that a great deal of recent scholarship about missionaries has come from Britain and other Commonwealth countries. On British missionaries see, for example, Hiney, On the Missionary Trail; Johnston, Missionary Writing and Empire; and Thorne, Congregational Missions. 13. See Harris, Nothing but Christ, a study of the ABCFM; Marder, Stewards of the Land; Hunter, Gospel of Gentility; Zwiep, Pilgrim Path; Hill, The World Their Household; and Grimshaw, Paths of Duty. For discourses on missiological theory, scholars should consult the International Bulletin of Missionary Research (published by the Overseas Ministries Study Center) and volumes published by the American Society of Missiology. Noteworthy among these volumes is Lamin Sanneh’s influential work, Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Culture. 14. Despite the existence of an enormous amount of primary source material concerning Christian missionaries, Carol Higham observes that “missionary sources often remain virtually untouched, unanalyzed, and unused by researchers.” Higham, Noble, Wretched & Redeemable, 10. 15. See Miller, Fathers and Sons; Scudder, A Thousand Years in Thy Sight; and Brumberg, Mission for Life. 16. See Addison Gulick to Helen and Donald King, September 24, 1959, GFP, HMCS; and PG to Julia Dewing, July 12, 1872, GPHU, box 7. The second quotation is from PG, and the first is from Addison Gulick, who claimed that Peter “never tooted his own horn.” 17. OG, “The Missionary Fathers of Hawaii,” June 25, 1910, GPHU, box 16. 18. See PG to LHG, November 10, 1846, GPHU, box 2; and PG to Julia Dewing , July 12, 1872. The autobiography exists in two forms, the original handwritten document and a more readable typed version; the latter is cited throughout this study. 19. Adams, “Missionaries’ Memorabilia,” A1. Leeds Gulick agreed to give his family’s papers to Harvard University, but the papers were organized by his brotherin -law John Barrow, who spent years placing around 65,000 letters in...