Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepeneurship in Cleveland, Ohio

Index

236 index Accounting, Moore’s experience in, 161–62 Advertising, 8, 28 Affirmative action, 50, 59–63. See also Minority set-aside programs “African American Businesses, Economic Development, and the Puzzle of Success” (House), 9–10 African American Chamber of Commerce of Northeast Ohio, 168 Age, of business, 12, 38, 87, 147; black vs. white, 81–82; as factor in success, 3, 7, 10; gender differences in, 102–4; as measure of success, 93–94, 112, 174 Age, of owners, 10, 81, 93–99, 145, 155, 174 Agriculture, products of, 14–15 Allen, Griffin, 109 Alon, Ilan, 9–10 Amanda Wicker’s Clarke School of Dressmaking and Fashion Design, 44, 45 Anderson, Claud, 41 Ando, Faith, 6 Architecture: discrimination in, 171–72; Madison in, 49, 138, 171–72; Ozanne considering, 149–50 Asia, immigrants from, 35 Asian businesses, 4–6, 182 Assistance programs, for minority-owned businesses. See Minority set-aside programs Attorneys, black, 24 Authors, Fraser as, 121, 125 Bama’s Barbeque, 47 Bankruptcy: causes of, 176, 179; examples of, 127–28, 134, 137, 158 Banks/financial institutions, 54, 151; African American, 38–39, 47, 64–67; black businesses ’ difficulty getting loans from, 6, 85, 110, 183–84; discrimination by, 91, 172, 183–84; economic problems of, 65–67, 78 Barbershops, 16, 19–21 236 Bates, Timothy, 3–4, 85; on contributions of black businesses, 7, 172; on employees of black businesses, 82–83 Battisti, Frank, 69 Beauty salons and schools, 45 Bell, Tom, 64 Ben (fugitive slave), 13–14 Benny Mason’s Farm, 33 Black, Samuel: on black businesses, 19, 43, 47; on Morgan, 28, 33 Blue, Welcome T., 23–24 Bonding, for construction projects, 166 Boone, Alexandria Johnson, 128, 129–38 Bossert, Jacques L., 65 Boyd, Robert L., 7–8 Brown, John, 16 Brown v. the Board of Education, 50 Bryant, Eliza, 40 Burkes, Caesar, 64 Bush, Howard, 67 Business models, 128; corporate, 23, 79; partnership, 133–34, 136–37, 160 Business owners. See Entrepreneurs Businesses, black. See Entrepreneurship Bustamante, John, 64–67, 66 Butler, John Sibley, 3, 9, 85, 173 Buyouts, 3–5 Cable television franchises, 64 Call and Post (newspaper), 32–33, 34, 38 Campbell, Jane L., 72–74, 73, 76–77 Capital. See also Loans, business: access to, 4, 85–86, 172, 181–82; equity vs. debt, 6; as factor in success, 6–7, 135; higher requirements for construction or manufacturing businesses, 8, 81, 178; human, 83, 126; inadequate, 12, 36, 65, 137, 167; increasing access to, 38–39, 183–84; lack of, as factor in failure, 137, 167, 175–76; owner’s investment of, 3–4, 12; required for business start ups, 48, 81, 110, 124, 134, 167–68; Index Index 237 social, 4–7, 12, 87–90; sources of, 3–4, 19, 89, 93–99, 124, 134, 151, 182; types of, 6, 94–99, 126 Car dealerships, 123, 126–27 Carnegie Hero Fund Commission, Morgan ignored by, 30–31, 171 Carney, John James, 65 Carter, Jimmy, 65, 152 Carter, Lorenzo, 13–14 Castanzo, Andrew, 131–32 Center for Study and Development of Minority Businesses, at Kent State University , 136–37, 178–79 Certification, of businesses, 9, 79, 119 Characteristics of Business Owners (CBO) survey, 5–6 Chase, Salmon P., 15 Chauncey, Herbert, 37 Chen, Gavin, 4, 89, 182 Chesnutt, Andrew, 36 Chesnutt, Charles, 23, 41 Chesnutt, Louis, 36 Churches, 140–42, 173, 181 Cirillo, Patricia, 9 Civic life, 19, 38 Civil rights, 33, 50, 52, 173 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 50 Civil rights movement, 49, 52, 143 Civil War, “economic detour” after, 3 Clancy, Thomas J., 28, 30 Clarke, M. C., 39, 47 Class: poor, 67, 71 Class, social: middle, 2–3, 16, 69; poor, 67, 69, 76–78; working-class, 41 Clayton Drug Store, 24 Cleaveland, Moses, 13 Cleveland, 13; African American migrations to, 14, 16, 35–36; African American population of, 14, 16, 22, 35, 51, 71; local conditions affecting entrepreneurship, 169–71; map of central area of, 45; population of, 14, 17, 34, 71; race relations in, 14, 161 Cleveland, City of. See also Government, city: budget deficit, 73–74; contracts with minority businesses, 53–54, 71; in Empowerment Zone Program, 71; given back control of schools, 72 Cleveland Advocate, 34 Cleveland Association of Colored Men, 33, 42 Cleveland Empowerment Zone, 178 Cleveland Home for Aged Colored People, Men’s Auxiliary of, 41 Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, 61, 71, 78 Cleveland Now, 54 Cleveland Small Business Association, 111 Cleveland Trust Bank, 110 Clifford, William H., 21 Cole, Allen...