Murder and Martial Justice: Spying and Retribution in World War II America

Notes

230 NOTES TO PAGES Notes Introduction Editorial note: The umlaut (for the vowel combinations ae, oe, ue) has not been used in the names of German PoWs (e.g., Kuelsen instead of Külsen). During World War ii the umlaut was not available on military or government typewriters and thus does not appear in archival materials consulted for this book. However, for common German words the umlaut has been retained. 1. regnery, Chicago, in 1971 (reissued by the Naval institute Press, Annapolis, maryland, in 1997). The quote is from his preface to the 1997 edition, viii. 2. random House in 1978 (reissued by the Naval institute Press, Annapolis, maryland, in 2006). 3. stein and Day, New york (reissued by the Naval institute Press, Annapolis, maryland, in 1991). see chapter 5, “Wrestling for the Tiller.” 4. Published by Verlag ulstein, GmbH, Frankfurt am main, in 1980 (reissued in 1991). 5. Kenneth Knox, personal communication to author, July 1998. 6. ibid. As the Los Angeles Times journalist David Lamb put it, these forgotten men lay segregated even from the 240 American convicts whose souls remained “forever tainted by some dishonorable deed that made this Godforsaken place their final outpost.” “Prisoners of silence,” Nov. 30, 1990. Traditionally, graves face east in anticipation of the second coming of Christ and the resurrection from the dead. 7. Bernard Guffler headed state’s sWPD. Brig. Gen. Blackshear m. Bryan, Assistant PmG, headed the PWD, assisted by Col. A. m. Tollefson. 8. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 153; also ch. 1, n. 1. see also u.s. War Department, u.s. Prisoner of War operations Division, Historical Monograph (Washington: office of the Provost marshal General, 1945–1946), which contains microfilmed files “proving” that the PmGo always observed the Geneva Convention (hereafter cited as POW Monograph). see also eleanor C. Flynn, “The 230 NOTES TO PAGES XV–XVIII 231 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” George Washington Law Review 11 (June 1943), 505–520. 9. POW Monograph, reel 1, 186 at 056. (Note: since this collection lacks consecutive pagination, citations give the page of the document involved, if any, and the location, as measured by the inch counter on the microfilm reader from the beginning of the first typed page on the reel.) 10. Convention on July 27, 1929, relative to the Treatment of War Prisoners, signed at Geneva, Article 7, in Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949, vol. 2, Multilateral, 1918–1930, u.s. Department of state Publication 8442 (1969), 932–964. Hereafter cited as Geneva Convention. 11.GenevaConvention,Article2:Prisoners“mustatalltimesbehumanelytreated and protected, particularly against acts of violence, insults and public curiosity.” 12. report of Conference at Headquarters, eighth service Command, on Prisoners of War and Prisoner of War Camps, 8 January 1944, p. 20, NA, rG 389, entry 451 (hereafter entry rendered e), box 1308 290/3495, file 337, General PW. This document also contains an address by the prosecutor, Lt. Col. Leon Jaworski, about the problems of investigating such cases. For the trial itself, see Court martial records, Court martial 248793, “record of Trial of Walter Beyer, 8WG-49588; Berthold seidel, 8WG-49593; Hans Demer, 8WG-49597; Hans schomer, 8WG49620 ; and Willi scholz, 8WG-49691; at Camp Gruber, oklahoma, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, and 25 January, 1944,” in 3 vols., numbered separately, General services Administration, National Archives and records service, World War ii records Division, College Park, maryland. Hereafter this source will be cited as B-Cmr (for Beyer). (All court-martial materials are now housed at the Washington National records Center, suitland, maryland.) 13. John Hammond moore, “Getting Fritz to Talk,” Virginia Quarterly Review 54, no. 2 (1978), 273. see also 268, 270, 274. 14. statements by Bernhard reyak, Heinrich Ludwig, and Helmuth Fischer to pretrial investigator, July 5, 1944. Court martial record No. 264108, The united states v. Helmut Fischer, isN-10G-NA; Fritz Franke, isN-10G-1083-NA; Guenther Kuelsen, isN-A0G-1073-NA; Heinrich Ludwig, isN-7G-132-NA; Bernhard reyak, isN-10G-1069-NA; otto stengel, isN-6–112-NA; and rolf Wizuy, isN10G -1072-NA, all in NA (National Archives), World War ii records Division (Dreschsler-Court martial records, 4 vols.), 1:216, 239–240, 190. Hereafter this source will be cited as D-Cmr (D for Drechsler). Note: There are pagination problems with this source. The pages in vol. 4 have been rearranged so often that some have up to four sets of...