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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The generous assistance of a number of institutions and individuals enabled me to complete this study. TheAmerican Council of Learned Societies, the American.Philosophical Society, the Fulbright-Hays Pro~ gram of the United States Department'of Education, the Inte'rnational Research and Exchanges Board (IREX),.the' National Endowment for the Humanitie~, and the College of Art? and Sciences and Re'se~rch Council of the University of Oklahoma, .Norman Campus, supported .research in Austria and the Czech Republic as well as analysis and writing at home. The Summer Research Laboratory in SlaviC and East European Studies at the University of Illinois made possible two weeks of research in Ch~mpaign-Urbana.The ~taffs of the St~te.Library,P~;lgue; the Vienna Universi.ty Library; the University of Oklahoma Lib~aries; the Population Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin; the General Administrative Archive of the Austrian State Archives; and the archives of the Charles University, the Czech Technical College (P~ague), theVienna University, and the Vienna Technical University responded to my research requests with patience and care. In the General Ad- . ministrative Archive in Vienna, Dr. Lorenz Mikoletzky provided critical assistance in locating important ministerial documents. Many friends and colleagues provided value? advice and support during the research and writing. In Prague, Miroslav Hroch, Jift Kofalka, Robert Kvacek, and Otto Urban guided me to sources and offered .diverse perspectives on the development of Czech and Austrian society during the late nineteenth century. In Vienna, Horst Haselsteiner, Waltraud Heindl, Richard Ge~rg Plaschka, Gerald Stourzh, Arnold Suppan, and Peter Urbanitsch shared with me their deep knowledge of Austrian history and helped to find ways through some of the AI.lstrian Republic's' bureaucratic mazes. Dr. Helmut' Engelbrecht in Krems an der Donau generously shared his knowledge of Austrian educational history and pointed me toyaluable sources. In the early stages Peter Hanak in Budapest and Victor Karady in Paris'offered important suggestions for framing the project. It is hard to find adequa'te words to express my gratitude to the several families in Prague and Vienna who provided friendship and hospitality during my repeated stays in their cities. During' agrim period of recent Czech history that'is happily now past,.Annaand the. xiii xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS late AntoninHybs and the late Jan Herman and his family did their best to make my visits to Prague easier. In Vienna, Werner and Ruth Meron and Bernard and Kitty Snower made me part of their families. A number of friends and colleagues on this side of the Atlantic contributed much to the latter stages of the project. Myron Gutmann .and KonradJarausch provided advice on various methodological points, and Alan Nicewander and Joe Rodgers helped with statisticalproblems . Willard Blanton and Angelika Tietz undertook some of the te- . dious work of transcribing student registration records from mic~ofilm. John Mahlke drew the maps that appear here. As the efforts required for the research and. analysis of data grew to exceed· my original expectations '. Istva~ Deak, Konrad Jarausch, and Robert and Mary Jo Nye encouraged meto ·persevere. Mary Jo Nye generouslytook time from her own work to give the whole manuscript a close and thoughtful reading. James Albisetti and Daniel Snell also offered helpful suggestions ·for revising the manuscript. . -In studying. the history of modern Central Europe, I have been fortunate in having many gifted teachers. In the pursuit of analytic rigor, some present-day historians tend to underestimate the importanceof a deeper insight into the circumstances and outlooks of historical actors for interpreting the past soundly and convincingly. The historian's work, though, is as mu·ch synthetic as it is analytic; and it requites a multilayered understanding of the people, events, and conditions in question. Though the two -dedicatees of this book .come from different personal backgrounds and distinct academic traditions, both have exemplified over long careers how important to historical interpretation is that deeper appreciation of the perspectives, thought, .and experience of people in a particular age. It has been my privilege to be among the several generations of students of modern Central Europe who have learned from the precepts arid models of Carl E. Schorske and Jan Havranek. I can only acknowledge here the debts that lowe' to each of them and all the others who. have, helped me along the way. There is no way they can ever be adequately repaid. ...

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