Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914

A Note on Names

A Note on Names As the places mentioned in this study frequently have different spellings (indeed, different names) in the various Western and Balkan languages, whenever possible I have used the accepted English form of a foreign toponymy: thus, Vienna instead of Wien; Scutari in lieu of Shkoder or Skodra; Belgrade instead of Beograd. Elsewhere , I have employed indigenous spellings, rendered in Latin type, even when so doing may run the risk of using a current (or traditional) Yugoslav or Albanian form in place of a better known historic name commonly in use at the turn of this century: thus, Bay of Kotor instead of Bocche di Cattaro; Cetinje in place of Cettigne or Cettigne; Shengjin rather than San Giovanni di Medua; Zagreb rather than Agram. For the sake of avoiding disconcerting anachronisms, I have thought it best to use the old Montenegrin name Podgorica in place of the current Titograd, Berane instead of Ivangrad, and the traditional St. Petersburg in place of Leningrad . In an effort to rationalize the rendering of personal names, I have given them in their native spelling (when appropriate, with the aid of standard German, Serbo-Croatian, or Albanian diacritical marks), assigning names usually spelled in Cyrillic a precise Latin equivalent: thus, Pasic instead of Pashitch, Mijuskovic instead of Mioushkovitch, etc. Following standard historical procedure, I refer to ruling heads by their English name equivalents, whenever one exists: thus, Nicholas instead of Nikola, Peter instead of Petar, Francis Joseph instead of Franz Joseph. Russian names are rendered according to traditional and Library of Congress transcription . For Albanian and especially Turkish names, I follow the lead of Stavro Skendi. Lastly, unless denoted by O.S. (Old Style), all dates are according to the Gregorian calendar. XVII Common and Historic Equivalents ofCertain Place Names Name used in this study Bar Bay of Kotor Berane Bijelo Polje Bitola Bojana River Bregalnica Buchlau Budva Cem River Cetinje Constantinople Crmnica Dibre Djakovica Dobrudja Dubrovnik Durres Edirne Geree Gusinje Herceg Novi Ioannina Kavalla Kolasin Lezhe Lieeni Hotit Kotor Loveen Mitrovica Mojkovac Montenegro Niksie Njegusi Novi Pazar Ohrid Opatija Pee Petrovac Planinica Pljevlja Alternative Antivari Boka Kotorska, Bocche di Cattaro Ivangrad Biyelo Polye Bitolj, Monastir Boyana, Buene Bregalnitza Buchlov Budua Tsem, Cijem Cettigne or Cettigne, Tsetinye, Tsettinye, Tzetinje Istanbul Tzrmnitza, Tsrmnitsa Dibra Djakova Dobroge, Dobrudza Ragusa Durazzo, Dyrrhanchium Adrianople Gerche Gusinye Herceg-Novi, Castelnuovo Janina Kavala Kolashin Alessio, Ljes Litscheni Hotit Cattaro Lovchen, Lovtchen. Loveen Mitrovitza Moykovatz Crna Gora, lit. "Black Mountain" Nikshich, Nikshitch, Nikshiti, Nikshitz Niegush, Nyegosh, Njegusi, Niegoch Novipazar, Novi Bazar, Novibazar Ohrida, Ochrida, Okhrida Abbazia Ipek Castellastua Planinitza Plevlje, Plevle XVlll Name used in this study Podgorica Pristina Prizren Rijeka Rijeka Crnojevica Rzanica St. Petersburg Salonica Sandzak Scutari Shengjin Sjenica Skopje Spit Tirana Tuzi Ulcinj Vermosh Vlore Zagreb Zemun Zeta Alternative Titograd, Podgorice, Podgoritza, Podgoritsa Prishtina, Prishtine Prisren, Prisrend Fiume Rieka ArZanica Leningrad, Petrograd Salonika, Thessaloniki Sanjak Shkoder, Skutari, Skodar, Skadar, Skodra San Giovanni di Medua, Medova, Singjin Sienitza Skoplje, Skoplye, Uskiib Spizza, Spica, Spitza Tirane Tusi Dulcigno, Olgun Vrmosa, Vermosa Valona Agram Semlin Zenta XIX We lack Austria's strength, but we are a small, courageous people. We, the falcons of the Black Mountain, yearn to soar ahead of Austria's eagles. NICHOLAS I TO BARON GIESL, 1911 ...