Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe

Index

R. Abahu (amora), 155–56, 161 Abandoned wives. See Anchored wives Abbaye (amora), 263 Abélard, Peter, 60–61, 168 R. Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabad), 10; on barrenness, 238; on levirate marriage, 97; on sexual relations of spouses, 129; on violence against women, 220, 224 R. Abraham ben R. Nathan Hayarhi, 54 Abstinence: in Christian cultures, 248–49, 304n7, 304n21; in Jewish culture, 9 Adam, 14–15, 31 Adultery, 135, 136, 141–44. See also Concubinage; Prostitution Age at marriage, 33–48, 50, 63; child marriage, 37–44, 285–86nn1–2, 287n27; divorce rate, 247; economic considerations, 45–46, 288n31; education of women, 47, 167; of males, 43–44, 56–57, 286n3; number of widows, 253; violence against women, 230 Aggadah, 308 Ahimaaz, 58–59 R. Akiva, 255 Pope Alexander III, 61–62 R. Alexander Zuslin ha-Cohen, 144, 226 Al-Magribi. See Samau’al ben Judah Ibn Abbas Rav Ami, 69 Amoraim, 307 Anchored wives, 45, 50, 291n26; commercial travel of males, 74–76, 80–83, 249–50; monetary penalties for abandonment, 80–83; widowhood, 253, 270 Annulment of marriage, 42–43 Aqedat Yizhaq, 135 Aristotle, 23–24, 284n13 Armelder, 7, 271 Rabbanit Asenath Barzani, 163 R. Asher ben Yehiel (the Rosh), 71–72, 112–13; on custody of children, 132; on deviations from sexual norms, 140–41; dislike of rationalism, 270; on divorce, 238, 239–40, 245, 250; on female mohel, 190; on levirate marriage, 92; on meat eating, 193; on the “murderous” wife, 267–72; on religious practices of women, 182 Rav Ashi, 263 Ashkenaz Europe: commercial activities of women, 274–75; community leadership of women, 194–95, 275; concubinage, 133–35, 141–47; deviations from sexual norms, 144; divorce, 244–47; education, 115, 132–33, 167–70, 298n19; Gentile maidservants, 141–44, 296nn42–44; inheritance of daughters, 150–51; levirate marriage, 93–97; migrations of Jews, 73, 145; modesty and freedom of movement, 114–21; the “murderous” wife, 268–72; negative views of women, 12; occupations, 117–21; persecutions and martyrdom, 198–211, 301n14; polygamy, 70–78; prostitution and concubinage, 133–35, 141–47; religious participation of women, 175–77, 179; status of women, 205–9; violence against women, 223–29; women’s rebellions, 125–26, 185–86, 280–81. See also Gentile cultures Assaf, 152 Assis, Yom Tov, 84–88, 90; on deviations from sexual norms, 136; on money lending, 111 Augustine, 133–34 R. Avigdor Kara, 194 Babylonian Geonim, 4, 6, 273; on age at marriage, 36; on annulment of marriage, 43; on character traits of women, 16; on child marriage, 286n6; on divorce and the “rebellious” wife, 237, 241–42; on menstruation, 25; on the “murderous” wife, 264; on polygamy, 69, 73; on remarriage of widows, 258, 264; on violence against women, 215–18 Babylonian Talmud, 6, 308. See also Talmudic tradition Index [ 318 ] Index The “bad” wife, 18–20, 31; divorce, 232; violence against women, 218–19 Baer, Yitzhak, 7, 85, 200 R. Bahye ben Asher, 11, 13, 14 Bans. See Communal edicts Barkaï, Ron, 24 Baron, Salo, 73 Barrenness: divorce, 238–39; polygamy, 71, 73, 79, 85, 89, 238 Baumgarten, Elisheva, 119 Beating. See Violence against women Beauty, 20 Beguine movement, 176–77 Beinart, Hayyim, 207 Beit Hillel, 232–35, 303n2 Beit Shammai, 232–34, 303n2 Bell, Susan G., 159–60, 298n11 Bellette, 163, 194 Ben Azzai, 155 R. Benjamin (Delli Mansi), 148–49 Ben Mishlei (R. Samuel Ha-Naggid), 218–19 Ben-Sira, 17, 255 Beraita de-Niddah, 24 Beruriah, 156–57, 278, 297n7 Betrothal, 40–41, 288n3, 308; abandonment, 81–82, 291n26; ceremonies, 49–51, 54; of minors, 42 Biblical tradition, 1, 17–18; character traits of women, 17–18; divorce, 231–32; levirate marriage, 90–91; menstruation, 24; polygamy, 68–69; religious activities of women, 174; remarriage of widows, 254; respect for wives, 27; violence against women, 212 Bigamy. See Levirate marriage; Polygamy Birkat Erusin, 54 Black Death, 7, 22, 257, 271 Blessings: Blessing over Betrothal, 54; Grace After Meals, 128, 167, 169, 183; Shabbat, 25–27; time-linked positive commandments, 178–80, 275–76 Bogeret, 34, 307 Bonfil, Robert, 145–46, 191 Bregman, Dvora, 145, 172 Rabbanit Bruna, 281 Brundage, 61 Bynum, Caroline, 177, 192 Cairo Genizah, 6 Celibacy, 9, 13, 248–49, 284n15, 304n21 Chained wives. See Anchored wives Character traits of women, 8–31, 277–78; the “bad wife,” 18–20, 31; from Creation story, 13–15; economic value, 8–9; as heroines, 21; inequality of women, 10–13, 23–25; intellectual...