Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community

Index

[133] index [133] Agribusiness firms: boards of directors , 54–57; and consumer choice, 57; and farmers, 58; and technological treadmill, 18 Agricultural development, models of, 70–78 Agricultural districts, 87 Agricultural economics, 23 Agricultural economists, 17, 22 Agricultural labor. See Farm labor Agricultural literacy, 26, 62 Agricultural regionalization, 3 Agricultural treadmill. See Technological treadmill Agriculture: biotechnology revolution , 20–21; in California, 5, 38; chemical revolution, 19–20; industrial model, 2; mechanical revolution, 19; in New York, 5; in Northeast, 6. See also Farming Albrecht, Don, 43 American Farm management Association , 17–18 “American Way of Farming,” 21 Barber, Benjamin, 77 Beus, Curtis, 79 Block, Fred, 72 Bluestone, Barry, 82 Brand, Charles, 18 Briggs, Carl, 14 Brunner, Edmund de S., 9 Chautauquas, 15, 108n City farming. See Urban agriculture Civic agriculture: and agricultural literacy, 62, 101–102; as antithesis of commodity agriculture, 73; characteristics of, 85–87; and civic community, 105; and community development, 98, 105; and community problem solving, 77; and consumer demand, 61, 81; definition of, 1–2; and democracy , 76–77; and ecological biology, 75; and economic development , 84; and economic embeddedness , 62, 101; and the environment , 74; and equity, 74; and factory farms, 62; as ideal type, 117n; measurement of, 97– 98; and networks of producers, 63; in New York State, 97–98; in the Northeast, 84; policies to support, 104; and social movements , 78, 104; and sustainable agriculture, 79–81, 102; theoretical foundations, 64–78 Civic community, 69–70, 73, 75– 76, 105 Civic economy, 25–29 Civic engagement, 69, 103 Civic enterprises, 65 Civic farmers, 62 Civic spirit, 65 Civil society, 69 Cochrane, Willard, 19 Commodity agriculture: and agricultural policy, 100; and animal science, 100; government subsidies , 100–101; and land grant universities, 99–100; and plant science, 100; and production contracts, 100. See also Factory farms; Industrial agriculture Communities, early rural, 8 Community capitalism, 105 Community Food and Agriculture Program, 97, 119n Community gardens: and civic agriculture , 86; and civic community, 26; Liberty Gardens, 96; Victory Gardens, 96. See also Urban agriculture Community kitchens, 87 Community problem solving, 63– 64, 78, 102 Community supported agriculture (CSA): and civic agriculture, 87– 90; and civic economy, 28; consumer-directed, 89; consumer perspectives, 90; farmerconsumer cooperatives, 89; farmer-coordinated, 89; farmerdirected , 88; products of, 88 Cone, Cynthia, 90 Cooperative Extension Service, 15, 63 Corporate middle class, 76 Dickinson, James, 43 Distancing, separating production and consumption, 39 Domhoff, William, 54 Drabenstott, Mark, 46 Dunlap, Riley, 79 Ecological biology, 74 Economically independent middle class, 66, 76 Economic concentration and community well-being, 64–68, 81–82 Economic embeddedness, 12, 23, 25, 27 Economic globalization, 75, 83 Economies of scale, 14 Esman, Milton, 73 Experimental biology, 74 Factory farms, 30, 57–59, 62. See also Commodity agriculture; Industrial agriculture Farmers: as laggards, 19; loss of economic power of, 58; as managers , 63 Farmers’ markets: as bridge between the formal and informal economy, 93, and civic agriculture , 86; and civic economy, 28; in New York City, 92; vendors, 92–93 Farming: animal enterprises, 35; as a business, 17–18; changing works, 10; concentration of production , 31–38; early division of labor, 8; in 1870s, 9; fruit farms, 36; impediments to mass production techniques, 16; in Iowa, 27; labor exchanges, 10; large scale producers, 34–37; specialization of production, 31–33; structural trends, 30–38; use of chemicals, 20; vegetable enterprises, 35–36. See also Agriculture Farm labor: and agricultural industrialization , 43–45; in California, 44–45; on family farms, 42–43; in Florida, 44; labor time vs. production time, 43; in 1950 and 1997, 43–45; in North Carolina, 44 Farmland: absentee ownership of, 41–42; in California, 41–42; as factor of production, 40–41; in Texas, 42 Farm management model, 21 Food, as commodity, 60 Food chain clusters, 48–49 Food citizens, 77 Food processors: consolidation, 50– 52; and consumer choice, 2, 55– 57; multinational corporations, 4, 49–52; off-farm, 87; oligopolistic aspects, 56; on-farm, 87; and plant closings, 54–55 index [134] Food self-sufficiency (in New Jersey ), 39–40 Foodsheds, 107n Fordism, 14, 108n Ford Motor Company, 14 Freedom to Farm Act, 36 Geography of agricultural production , 37–38 Global capitalism. See Economic globalization Global food system, 5, 41, 46, 48– 53, 60 Goldschmidt, Walter, 66–68, 76, 81 Green Giant company, 50–52 Grocery stores. See Retail food industry Hamm, Michael, 39–40 Hanman, Gary, 46 Harper, Doug, 10 Harrison...