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Index Abbaya, 87, 93–94, 96. See also burqa; hijab Abu Bakr, 40 Afghanistan, 5–6, 9, 29 Agunah, 56, 70, 109, 121, 138, 140, 142, 193; ways of handling, 139, 144, 146– 150, 194–195, 199. See also family law; get; khula Agunot. See agunah Ahadith, 48–50; comparison to Talmud, 56; feminist use of, 96; history of, 40; selective use of, 69–70, 92, 99, 103–104. See also Aisha; ijtihad; Muhammad; Qur’an; shari’a; Sunnah Aisha, 40, 48, 52. See also ahadith; Muhammad Ali, Yusef, 40, 42, 44–46, 48 Allah, 32, 39–40, 42, 47, 53–54, 64. See also Hashem; Qur’an Amar, Rabbi Shlomo, 140, 147, 149 Amir, 80–82, 93; feminist support for in Kuwait, 8, 13, 75, 94–95, 202; political power of, 14, 18, 76–77, 89, 100–102 Arab Women’s Development Society (AWDS), 91–92 Archbishop of Canterbury, 15, 183. See also Great Britain; Protestantism Aristotle, 59, 134, 158, 196 Ashkenazi, 127, 131, 140. See also Sephardi Bakhtiar, Laleh, 46 Badran, Margot, 25 Barry, Brian, 175 Baskin, Judith, 59–60 Bedouins, 7, 18, 82, 89, 92, 94–95, 98 Beit Din, 119–120, 142, 179; importance of in Israel, 121, 125, 142, 147– 148; importance of in United States, 138–140, 194–198. See also dayanim; family law; halakha; Knesset; Ottoman millet system Bellah, Robert, 158 Boyarin, Jonathan, 60, 159, 173 Breitowitz, Irving, 195 Bride price, 181, 188–189. See also family law; mahr; talaq Burqa, 16, 181. See also abbaya; hijab Canada,179–182;comparisontoUnited States, 6, 14–16, 52, 119, 156, 197 Catholicism, 29, 39, 154, 170. See also St. Augustine; Protestantism CEDAW, 21, 84–85, 105, 125, 145. See also civil rights; cultural rights; human rights Chabad, 56, 59, 63–64, 140, 161 Civilrights,3–4,7,10,73;act,9,17,156; internationalnatureof,21,182;nature ofinIsrael,118–119,122,202;nature ofinUnitedStates,155,177,179,203. SeealsoCEDAW;culturalrights;human rights; liberalism Cover, Robert, 170, 173 Cultural rights, 117, 125, 180. See also CEDAW; civil rights; human rights; liberalism 232 n index Dashti, Rola, 74, 96, 102, 105, 107 Dayanim, 138–139, 147, 149–150. See also Beit Din Decade for Women, 20, 91 Dewey, John, 8 Diaspora, 23, 41, 159, 197 Druze, 19, 118, 121, 123 Dworkin, Ronald, 169 Enlightenment, 3, 63, 111, 158, 160, 165, 174 Family law: implementation in the West, 179–182; Islamic aspects of, 7, 99; Jewish aspects of, 137, 143, 192, 202; role of in Israel, 109–110, 118, 121, 123, 125; role of in Kuwait, 18– 19, 75–81; state relation to, 11, 13, 22, 183–187. See also agunah; Beit Din; bride price; get; kettubah; khula; mahr; talaq Fatwa: feminist consideration of, 1, 74; flexibility of, 28, 68; misuse of, 99, 187 Federalist Papers, 167. See also US Constitution Fiqh, 28–29, 41–43, 80, 103, 123, 187; flexibility of, 38, 165, 185; historical context of, 50–51. See also ijtihad Fishbayn, Lisa, 198 Foucault, Michel, 159 France, 6, 14–15, 180–182 Galston, William, 168 Gender jihad, 3, 22, 38 Germany, 14–15, 180–182 Geertz, Cli√ord, 168 Get, 188–189; impact on women, 143– 148; legal considerations, 119, 139– 140, 142, modern di≈culties with, 192–199. See also agunah; family law; kettubah; khula Great Britain, 7; Jewish population of, 6, 140; Islamic population of, 14–15, 164–165, 179–180, 182–183. See also Archbishop of Canterbury Halakha: comparison to shari’a, 14, 56, 177; importance of, 63, 70, 148; family-law aspect of, 137–138, 143, 184, 194; feminist consideration of, 109–110, 120–121, 129, 131, 132, 151; non-feminist readings, 67–68, 136. See also Beit Din; Maimonides; shari’a; Talmud, Yoetzet Hamas, 39, 114–115. See also al Qaeda; Islamists; Wahabi Haredi, 62; controversy concerning, 126; power of in Israeli politics, 111– 112, 114–116, 136, 149–150, 203; relation toward women, 132, 134, 137, 139; importance of in America, 161 Hashem, 31. See also Allah Held, Shai, 29, 36, 68 Henkin, Rabbanit, 136–138 Al-Hibri, Azizah Y., 52, 186 Hijab, 1, 24–25, 28, 48, 101, 153. See also abbaya; burqa Hirschman, Albert, 118 Human rights: feminist use of, 104– 105, 125–126, 174–175; international role of, 20–23, 84–86, 92, 117, 124; religious context for, 27, 70, 96, 102, 177. See also CEDAW; civil rights; cultural rights; liberalism Huntington, Samuel, 166 Ijtihad, 37; American view of, 52; freedom for interpretation, 38, 41–42...

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