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Aboab, Immanuel, 105 abolitionism, 195 Abolition of Slavery Act (Great Britain; 1833), 166, 195 Abrabanel, Isaac, 59, 60, 286n31 Abraham, Chapman, 152 Abudarham, Joseph, 270 Abudarham, Solomon, 270 Abudarham Synagogue (Gibraltar, UK), 3, 162, 270, 270–71 Ackerman, Daniel, 266 Adler, Hermann, 282n79 Adler, Nathan Marcus, 217 Adler, Rachel Joseph, 217 Aequum reputamus (papal bull), 285n20 Africa, sub-Saharan, 191–92, 196–98, 307n24, 307n34 African slaves, Jewish relations with, 193–96 Age of Discovery, 56; Dutch explorations /colonizations, 94; English explorations/colonizations, 86, 94, 290–91n123; French explorations/ colonizations, 82, 94; Jewish partici­ pation in, 62–63, 64–65; motivations for, 52–53, 56–58; Portuguese explorations /colonizations, 53–57, 59, 62–63, 196–97; Spanish explorations/colonizations , 57–59, 63–64; Spanish Inquisition and, 63–64, 70 agriculture, nonplantation, 188 Alabama, 195 Albany (NY), 179, 180, 216 Albuquerque, Marcos, 222 Aldrophe, Alfred Philibert, 216, 217 Alexander VI, Pope, 67 Alfonso V (king of Portugal), 56 Algeria, 184 Alhambra Decree (1492), 58, 60, 61, 67, 70, 74, 286n31 Alkmaar (Netherlands), 98 Almanach perpetuum coelestium motuum (Zacuto), 54, 62 Almohad Dynasty, 59 Alonso, Hernando, 63–64 Alsace, 22, 182, 183, 212 American Civil War, 173, 206, 208, 209, 215 American colonies, 112; Ashkenazic/ Sephardic relations in, 150; converso diaspora to, 79, 83–84; Jewish prosperity in, 148–52; press freedom in, 149, 300n68 American in Holland, The (Griffis), 28 American Institute of Architects, 216 American Jewish Historicl Society Journal , 221 American Judaism, A History (Sarna), 1–2 American Reform Judaism, 7 American Revolution, 46, 150, 209, 241–42; American Jewish political sympathies during, 170; Atlantic World synagogues built during, 258; blackmarket weapons trade during, 159; British occupation of Newport, 255; British occupation of New York, 243; conclusion of, 250; Dutch neutrality at start of, 159; geopolitical effects of, 9; Hessian mercenaries used in, 162; Jewish enfranchisement and, 154; Netherlands Patriot Revolt and, 138; refugees as result of, 170; Index Page references given in italics indicate illustrations or material contained in their captions. American Revolution, (continued) synagogues in British Empire preceding , 144–45 t. 3–4; transatlantic emigrations precipitated by, 206 Amerindian-Jewish identification, 192 Amersfoort (Netherlands), 99, 298n31 Amsterdam (Netherlands): Ashkenazic community of, 35–36, 97–98, 102, 156, 228; converso diaspora to, 97, 99, 298n31; de Keyser architecture in, 34; as Jewish publishing center, 25, 98–99, 100; population of (1795), 156; religious tolerance in, 182; schuilkerk-style houses of worship in, 22; Sephardic community of, 2, 19, 21–23, 87, 187– 88, 229. See also Portuguese Synagogue I (Amsterdam, Netherlands); Portuguese Synagogue II (“Esnoga”; Amsterdam, Netherlands) Amsterdam Municipal Council, 156 Amsterdam Sephardim: as artists, 100– 102, 101; cemetery of, 137, 197; colonial labor pool organized by, 95; colonial settlement rights of, 197; congregations united, 102–3 (see also Talmud Torah congregation (Amsterdam, Netherlands)); intellectual controversies , 103–5; publishing businesses of, 25, 98–99, 100; rabbinate of, 7, 187–88; skills of, 96–97, 98 amud, 12, 261 Anabaptists, 97 Ancona (Italy), 18 Andreae, Johann Valentin, 124–26, 282n76, 296–97n14 Andrease, Johann Valentin, 40 Andrew Doria (US brigantine), 159 Anglican Church, 85, 214, 303n36 Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), 82, 224 Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74), 37, 112, 225 Anglo-Dutch War (1680–84), 159–60 Anne (queen of England), 142, 146 Anshe Chesed Synagogue (New York, NY), 211 Anshe Emeth Synagogue (Albany, NY), 13 anthropology, 101 Antigua, 45 anti-Semitism, 47, 56, 59–61, 84 Antwerp (Netherlands), 96–97 anusim, 69, 92 Aragon, 58, 71 Ararat (utopian Jewish community), 175–76, 192, 209 Arbell, Mordechai, 298n36 Archaeological Survey of Jamaica, 237 architects, Jewish, 9, 190, 193, 212–18 architectural styles, mixing of, 282–83n84 Architectura Moderna (de Keyser), 35 Architecture Van Suriname, De (Groll), 232 Argentina, 108, 186 Aristotle, 57 ark, 11, 13. See also hechal Ark of the Covenant, 11 Aruba, 109, 129 Ashkenazim: architectural influence of, 264; architectural terminology used by, 11, 12, 13; crypto-Judaism and, 97–98; defined, 6; as explorers, 62–63; German, Danish invitations to, 138; intermarriages of, 201; internal strife among, 157; in Italian Jewish com­ munities, 19, 20; modernity and, 203; Polish-Lithuanian, 77; population decline of, in Jamaica, 267; Sephardic Atlantic World and, 188–90; Sephar­ dim vs., 5, 7, 102, 128, 145–46, 150, 153, 158, 172, 205–6, 239–40; synagogue architecture of, 203; synagogue construction regulations of, 14; synagogue floor plans favored by, 16; US congregations , 179–80 t. 5–6, 188–90, 195–96, 206, 211; as US immigrants, 175 Asia, European commerce with...

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