notes Chapter 1. An Editor Is Censored 1. McNeely, Fighting Words, 128–29, concludes that James H. Tillman was opposed in the 1902 race for governor by “The Daily Mail in Anderson, The Post in Charleston, The Evening Record in Columbia, The Daily Times in Florence, The Gaffney Ledger in Gaffney, The Daily News in Greenville, The Daily Index in Greenwood, The Daily Herald and The Evening Journal in Spartanburg and The Daily Item in Sumter.” A description of the location of the shooting is found in Pierce, Palmettos and Oaks, 54–60. See also Latimer, The Story of the State, 53–57; Moore, Carnival of Blood, 101–23; and Montgomery, Columbia, South Carolina, 103 (describing the city hall and Columbia Theatre). 2. See Nisbett and Cohen, Culture of Honor, xvi, for a definition of the southern sense of honor, in which confrontations among men are described as not referring to “probity of character” but to “status and power.” The authors go on to say that honor in the sense that they use it “situates a man socially and determines his right to precedence .” It refers to his “strength and power to enforce his will on others” (ibid., 4–5). A man was willing to fight to preserve honor when it had this meaning. He had to prove his manliness. Another scholar has described the southern tradition of honor as focusing more on how others view an individual than on innate standards of right and wrong (see Watson, Norman and Saxon, 11). In a chapter titled “Bloody Edgefield,” Butterfield in All God’s Children, 11, describes the meaning and importance of honor in James H. Tillman’s home county, observing that “honor became a compelling passion, an overwhelming concern with one’s reputation and manliness” and that “it was as intolerable to call a man a liar as to hit or shoot him.” Butterfield notes Jim Tillman’s outrage at Gonzales for calling him a liar. One aspect of the concept of honor is the reliability of a man in keeping his personal, political, and financial commitments. By calling someone a liar, you undermine his reputation for reliability (ibid., 52–53). See also Mushal, “‘My Word Is My Bond,’” 1–26. Hagstette in “Dueling and Identity” emphasizes the significant impact of the printed word in attacking and defending honor and in conducting affairs of honor. He calls our attention (18), to Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 132, in which the author says: “Where reputations had such importance, [as in early national politics] a print attack was more vicious—and painful—than we might imagine.” Freeman further 226 notes for pages 3–4 notes, “Honor was entirely other-directed, determined before the eyes of the world; it did not exist unless bestowed by others” (ibid., xvi). As the primary mass medium in 1903, newspapers could be devastatingly effective in destroying the public image of a leading figure and thereby severely damaging his honor. Another scholar observes that this focus on public image by elite southern men amounted to an obsession with the “superficial,” “the surface of things—with the world of appearances” (Greenberg, Honor and Slavery, 3). Pieter Spierenburg concludes, “Honor has at least three layers: a person’s own feeling of self-worth, this person’s assessment of his or her worth in the eyes of others , and the actual opinion of others about her or him” (Men and Violence, 2). James H. Tillman was obsessed with the second element; his view of the assessment of his worth by others who had read Gonzales’s attacks. But all three elements are relevant to appraising his actions. 3. Charleston News and Courier, January 16, 1903, 1; New York World, January 16, 1903, 1; State (Columbia S.C.), January 16, 1903, i; Moore, Carnival of Blood, 115–16 (noting the disagreement among witnesses as to whether Tillman bade Gonzales “good morning” before shooting him); Miles S. Richards, “Heyward, Duncan Clinch,” in Edgar, ed., The South Carolina Encyclopedia, 441 (discussing the man who defeated James H. Tillman for the governorship); see also Jones, Stormy Petrel, 297 (noting James Tillman ’s fourth-place finish). See South Carolina General Assembly, Senate, Journal of the Senate (1903 session), 37–38 (noting that a joint assembly of the Senate and House of Representatives met and “opened, tabulated and published” the election returns for the 1902 governor’s race). In a letter to members of the Spanish-American War regiment he had commanded, James H. Tillman thanked them for...