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xiii Note on Transliteration Persian, Arabic, and Urdu words have been transliterated according to the following chart. Arabic words used in Persian texts have been transliterated as Persian. Apostrophes have been used to distinguish some aspirated consonants in Urdu words such as “Lak’hnawī.” Words appearing in the Oxford American Dictionary have not been transliterated nor italicized but I have retained the ‘ayn (‘) in words such as “Shi‘a.” Transliteration Chart Urdu Arabic Persian Urdu Arabic Persian gh gh gh ‫غ‬ ’ ’ ’ ‫ء‬ f f f ‫ف‬ b b b ‫ب‬ q q q ‫ق‬ p p ‫پ‬ k k k ‫ك‬ t t t ‫ت‬ g g ‫گ‬ ṯ ‫ٹ‬ l l l ‫ل‬ th ‫ث‬ m m m ‫م‬ j j j ‫ج‬ n n n ‫ن‬ ch ch ‫چ‬ ṉ ‫ں‬ ḥ ḥ ḥ ‫ح‬ w w w ‫و‬ kh kh kh ‫خ‬ h h h ‫ہ‬ d d d ‫د‬ y / ī / ē y / ī y / ī / ē ‫ي‬ ‫ڈ‬ ē ‫ے‬ dh ‫ذ‬ r r r ‫ر‬ ‫ڑ‬ ā ā ā ‫ا‬ z z z ‫ز‬ ā ā ā ٰ‫ی‬ zh zh ‫ژ‬ ū / ō ū ū / ō ‫و‬ s s s ‫س‬ a a a َ sh sh sh ‫ش‬ i i i ِ ṣ ṣ ṣ ‫ص‬ u u u ُ ḍ ‫ض‬ a / t a / t a / t ‫ة‬ ṭ ṭ ṭ ‫ط‬ aw aw aw ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ẓ ẓ ẓ ‫ظ‬ ay ay ay ‫ای‬ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‫ع‬ This page intentionally left blank ...

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