The Supreme Court in the Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth

Contents

CONTENTS Editor's Preface XI Preface and Acknowledgments xv Repository Symbols XVII Short Titles and Abbreviations XIX Introduction 1 1 Creating the Court 4 The Federal Courts' Subject-Matter Jurisdiction 5 Judicial Appointments 16 Good Behavior and Compensation 18 Judicial Review 19 Nonjudicial Duties 23 Looking to the Future 25 2 The Judiciary Act of 1789 27 Drafting the Judiciary Act 27 Opposition to the Federal Courts 29 The Seeds of a Compromiss 31 Limiting the Supreme Court's Jurisdiction 33 Federal Trial Courts: Admiralty Jurisdiction 38 Shaping the Compromise on Federal Trial Courts 41 The Congress Accepts Ellsworth's Compromise 47 Congressional Instrumentalism 51 3 Selecting the Justices and Initial Operations 54 The First Nominees 56 Assessing Washington's Nomination Criteria 65 VII viii CONTENTS 4 A National Security Court 71 The Nootka Sound Crisis 71 Relations with France and Great Britain 72 The Neutrality Proclamation 74 The Treaty of Alliance and the Correspondence of the Justices 75 Admiralty Jurisdiction I: Glass v. The Sloop Betsy 82 The Jay Treaty I: Extrajudicial Service 87 The Jay Treaty II: The Rutledge Fiasco 90 Oliver Ellsworth and Samuel Chase 95 The Jay Treaty III: Advisory Opinions 97 The British Debt Cases 98 The Power to Tax 101 Admiralty Jurisdiction II: La Vengeance 105 La Wingeance: Majority Opinions and Chiefly Leadership 110 Admiralty Jurisdiction III: Restitution of Prizes 112 The Jay Treaty IV: Sale of Prizes 115 Bushrod Washington 117 The Quasi-War I: The Ellsworth Mission 118 Alfred Moore 120 The Quasi-War II: Bas v. Tingy 120 The Quasi-War III: ChiefJustice Ellsworth Resigns 124 5 National Security and Federal Criminal Law 126 Political Grand Jury Charges 126 Common-Law Crimes 129 Enforcing the Law of Nations 130 Beyond the Law of Nations: The Wnmll Case 141 The Problem of Seditious Libel 147 Federal Common Law and the Williams Case 152 The Williams Case and Interstitial Federal Common Law 154 Common-Law Crimes and Common-Law Thinking 155 Statutory Crimes: The Whiskey Rebellion 163 Statutory Crimes: Justice Chase on Circuit 165 6 Nonjudicial Activities 173 Ex-Officio Duties 174 The Invalid Pensioners Act 175 Advisory Opinions 178 A Pragmatic Approach to Nonjudicial Activities 180 CONTENTS 7 The Constitution and State Sovereignty Chisholm v. Georgia The Eleventh Amendment The Scope of the Eleventh Amendment Suits by Foreign States Suits in Admiralty Enforcement of Federal Rights The Federalists and the Eleventh Amendment 8 The Court and the Constitution Judicial Review of Federal Actions The Sovereignty of the People Justice Chase's Doubts Interpreting the Constitution Congressional Power to Restrict Jurisdiction 9 An Assessment Table of Cases Index ix 184 188 197 202 203 204 205 211 213 214 215 220 222 239 247 255 259 ...