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Appendix B Additional Data Sources Earlier Diary Surveys There are several time-diary surveys on which to make trend comparisons . In this monograph, we draw on four national time-diary studies conducted between 1965 and 1995. Each used the general approach outlined in chapter 2, though the interviewing mode moved from personal to telephone interview and from tomorrow diaries to yesterday diaries. 1965 U.S. Time-Use Study As part of the 1965 multinational time use study, the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan surveyed 1,244 adult respondents, age nineteen to sixty-five, who kept a single-day diary of activities (mainly in the fall of that year). Respondents in this 1965 survey completed tomorrow diaries, that is, respondents were visited by an interviewer who explained and left the diary to be filled out for the following day and who then returned on the day after the diary day to pick up the completed diary. All respondents living in rural areas and those living in households where no one was employed were excluded (Robinson 1977). Given the sample restrictions in 1965, we compared the 1965 parent characteristics with parent characteristics from the March 1965 Current Population Survey, and its sample of parents closely approximate U.S. parent population characteristics (Sayer, Bianchi, and Robinson 2004). 1975 U.S. Time-Use Survey In 1975, the Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, surveyed 1,519 adult respondents, age eighteen and older, who kept diaries for a single day in the fall of that year (Robinson 1976); in addition, diaries were obtained from 887 spouses of these designated respondents to increase the sample size to 2,406 respondents. In 1975, respondents were initially contacted by personal interview, and a yesterday diary was completed during the interview. These respondents became part of a panel, who were subsequently reinterviewed in the winter, spring, and summer months of 1976. About 1,500 of the original 2,406 respondents remained in this 185 four-wave panel. Some 677 of these respondents were interviewed a second time in 1981, again across all four seasons of the year (Juster and Stafford 1985). Because of the difference in activities between those who stayed or dropped out of the panel, we use only the original sample of respondents interviewed in the fall of 1975 for most of our trend analysis. In chapter 7, we draw on various subjective assessments ascertained in the third wave of the study, and we also use the third wave in our assessment of changes in multitasking in chapter 5. For comparability with other years, the spouse diaries are excluded from our analysis. Because the sampling frame for the 1965 study was limited to respondents age nineteen to sixty-five (in families with at least one adult in the labor force and living in urban settings) to conform to the design of the larger 1965 Multinational Time-Use Study (Converse and Robinson 1980), we compared housework and child care estimates from parents in 1965 to a 1975 subsample of parents with characteristics that matched the 1965 sampling restrictions. Comparisons indicated that trends from 1965 to 1975 were the same, regardless of whether the 1975 subsample or the full 1975 sample was used as the comparison (Bianchi et al. 2000; Sayer 2001; Sayer, Bianchi, and Robinson 2004). A comparison of the 1965 diary study with the March 1965 Current PopulationSurveyalsoindicatedthat thesamplecloselyapproximatesU.S. parent population characteristics (see Sayer, Bianchi, and Robinson 2004). In addition, Sayer (2001) examined men’s and women’s time in all activities for 1965, 1975, and a 1975 subsample of respondents who matched the 1965 sampling criteria. The differences between the 1975 subsample and total sample were small for these activities, which included market work, housework, child care, shopping, personal time, and free time. The overall trends between 1965 and 1975 are therefore similar regardless of whether the 1975 total sample or subsample is the basis of comparison (see Sayer 2001, table 5.3). To increase sample size, we use the total 1975 sample of respondent diaries in our analysis. To maintain comparability over time, we do not include diaries from spouses in our 1975 analysis sample because we have no spouse diaries in any year other than 1975. 1985 U.S. Time-Use Survey In 1985, the Survey Research Center at the University of Maryland conducted a national study in which single-day diaries were collected from more than 5,300 respondents age twelve and older. This study employed the same basic...

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