Notes
131 Notes Chapter One. Violence and Reciprocity 1. Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), 19. For a stricter rendering, with detailed commentary, see Jonathan Barnes, The Presocratic Philosophers, 2 vols. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 1:28–37.—Trans. 2. On the custom of ceremonial visiting (kabigidoya) and gift-giving, see Bronislaw Malinowski, The Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea, 6.3 (London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1922), 163–66. —Trans. 3. I should make it clear that I myself am not an unconditional pacifist, since I do not consider all forms of defense against violence to be illegitimate. Chapter Two. Noble Savages and Others 1. See Alfred Métraux, “L’anthropophagie rituelle des Tupinamba,” in Religions et magies indiennes d’Amérique du Sud (Paris: Gallimard, 1967), 45–78. Chapter Three. Mimetic Theory and Theology 1. See Raymund Schwager, Brauchen wir einen Sündenbock? Gewalt und Erlösung in der biblischen Schriften (Munich: Kosel Verlag, 1978; 3d ed., Thaur, Austria: Kulturverlag, 1994). [The present chapter was originally published in Józef Niewiadomski and Wolfgang Palaver, eds. Vom Fluch und 132 Notes Segen der Sündenböcke: Raymund Schwager zum 60. Geburtstag (Thaur, Austria: Kulturverlag, 1995).—Trans.] 2. This quotation is taken from the English edition of Schwager’s work, Must There Be Scapegoats? Violence and Redemption in the Bible, trans. Maria L. Assad (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987), 210.—Trans. 3. See René Girard, Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde (Paris: Grasset, 1978), published in English as Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, trans. Stephen Bann and Michael Metteer (London: The Athlone Press/Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987). 4. See Paul’s Letter to the Philippians 4:7.—Trans. 5. See, for example, Paul’s Letter to the Romans 13:1–7.—Trans. 6. John 8:44.—Trans. 7. Thus the rendering of Paráklētos in the New American Bible, at John 14:16, echoing the word’s origins in ancient Greek legal procedure. Related meanings, preferred by Protestant editions, include helper, comforter, and counselor.—Trans. 8. 1 Kings 3:16–28.—Trans. 9. See René Girard, “Sacrifice in Levenson’s Work,” Dialog 34, no. 1 (1995): 61–62. 10. See François Lagarde, René Girard, ou la christianisation des sciences humaines (New York: Peter Lang, 1994). 11. See Ted Peters, “Isaac, Jesus, and Divine Sacrifice,” Dialog 34, no. 1 (1995): 52–56. Chapter Four. I See Satan Fall Like Lightning 1. See René Girard, Je vois Satan tomber comme l’éclair (Paris: Grasset, 1999); published in English as I See Satan Fall Like Lightning, trans. James G. Williams (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2001). 2. See René Girard, Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque (Paris: Grasset, 1961); published in English as Deceit, Desire, and the Novel, trans. Yvonne Freccero (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965). 3. See René Girard, La violence et le sacré (Paris: Grasset, 1972); published in English as Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977). 4. Also known as the Songs of the Suffering Servant; see Isaiah 41:8 and 49:1–13.—Trans. Chapter Five. Scandal and Conversion 1. See the final chapter (“Beyond Scandal”) in Girard, Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, especially 416–31.—Trans. 2. The reference here is to any of three passages in the synoptic Gospels: Matthew 21:42–44, Mark 12:10–11, and Luke 20:17–18; see ibid., 429.—Trans. 3. See Chapter 3 of the present volume. 4. See, for example, Matthew 26:31: “All of you will be made to stumble because of Me this night.” (Here I follow the literal rendering of the New King James Version in preference to the paraphrase [“all of you will have your faith in me shaken”] of the New American Bible.)—Trans. Notes 133 5. See Luke 22:54–62.—Trans. 6. The Filioque clause occurs as part of the third article of Catholic faith: “Credo in Spiritum Sanctum qui ex Patre Filioque procedit” (I believe in the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and the Son). Upheld by Roman theologians, the clause was a source of controversy in disputes over orthodoxy between the Eastern and Western churches. See A. Palmieri, “Filioque,” in A. Vacant and E...
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